There is one major aspect that controls what type of cooking properties an individual cut of beef has: the amount of connective tissue. This is what groups the various cuts into two basic categories:
Slow cooking cuts
Slow cooking cuts have a lot of connective tissue, which means they are tough but flavorful.
As a general rule (there are exceptions), they benefit from slow cooking techniques which provide the time (usually several hours or more) for the connective proteins in the meat (collagen) to break down and be hydrated into gelatin, rendering them sumptuous and delicious.
Historically, these were often the cheaper cuts including shank, ribs, chuck, brisket and tail.
Typical preparation methods include braising, barbecuing, slow roasting, smoking, and grinding (into sausage or hamburger).
Fast cooking cuts
Fast cooking cuts have little connective tissue, so if not overcooked, they can be tender and delicious (although more delicate of flavor than a high connective tissue cut).
As a general rule, they benefit from fast, high heat cooking methods which develop flavor on the surface through browning, but leave the interior rare to medium rare, thus retaining tenderness.
These were the more expensive cuts including the surloin, tenderloin, and center cut steaks.
Typical cooking methods include sauteeing, griddling, pan frying, sauteeing and so on.
The outliers
There is one small group of outiers, the fast cooking tougher cuts, including flank, skirt, and "london broil." Today, these are extremely popular for fajitas, at least in the US.
These cuts have high flavor, and very distinct banding or grain, but little fat.
If they are cooked rapidly, and cut against the grain, they can be served medium-rare to medium and have a lot of flavor without being overly tough although they will never be as delicate as some of the true fast cooking cuts.
Hoof and Horn
You will see that the general characterization butchers often use is that the steak is more tender the farther you get from the hoof or the horn.
This is because muscles the animal used heavily (like its neck and shoulder muscles to hold its own weight up and walk around, or its tail constantly flicking) have a great deal of connective tissue and become tougher.
Less used muscles such the tenderloins along the spine stay tender.
In this diagram (from Wikipedia):
almost all of the tender cuts come from the loin and surloin. Some of the best slow cooking cuts come from the chuck, shank and round.
Interchangability
In general, you can exchange cuts from the same group with a relatively good degree of success.
So using a rib eye steak instead of a tenderloin for fast grilling will be quite successful; using a chuck instead of a shank for stew will have a good outcome. But trying to change a filet for a shank will not.
Cooking and Presentation
Cooking method and presentation do have a important role to play.
Fast cooking cuts cooked well done will become tough, dry, and almost stringy.
Some tougher cuts can be tenderized mechanically (by beating them with a meat mallet, or using a tenederizer that creates many small cuts). This is typical of the so-called cube steak or swiss steak. At the extreme end, these cuts can be ground for very flavorful sausage or hamburger.
Another example is the round, which is often good for roasting, if sliced thinly across the grain which helps maximize the tenderness.
Substitution
So to substitute one cut for another, you want to select one from the same basic category, and cut to approximately the same thickness (for your application).
See also:
Best Answer
Grass-fed beef will have yellow fat rather than the white fat of grain-fed beef. This is because of the beta-carotene in the grass, apparently.