Coated (e. g. enamel, PTFE, ceramic)
I can't answer in general, but that one's easy. Sudden thermal shock causes strain in a material by unequal expansion, either in the same material by high thermal gradients, or in interfaces between materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion. The strain in this case (two different materials) can be very high. If the material in question is not elastic (e.g. enamel + ceramic; I would think PTFE is different, but I'm not sure), then the bonds between the coating and the metal would be severely strained and it would likely crack and chip.
I can tell you from personal experience that I have actually used this to my advantage:
In the spring, I produce a small quantity of maple syrup by boiling sap in an uncoated stainless steel pan. On rare occasions, accompanied by the release of many expletives, I have let the syrup boil down too far, at which point it burns and seems to coat the bottom of the pan with a thin but hard and very resilient layer of carbon black. The trick to removing this stuff is to get some kind of stress crack started, e.g. by scrubbing w/ steel wool or a copper pad, and then what I do is I put the pan on the stove for a while to let it heat up hot (but not red hot), and then bring it over to the sink and spray cold water on the inside pan bottom where the carbon black has stuck to. After a few times, the carbon black will start to flake off and then it becomes easier to remove by a combination of abrasion and thermal shock. (The two pans I've done this on have been fine; both are stainless steel with a thick (>8mm) bottom, and I've put them through at least 30 or 40 thermal cycles of this type.)
edit re: general topic:
Wikipedia says this:
The robustness of a material to thermal shock is characterized with the thermal shock parameter:
where
- k is thermal conductivity,
- σT is maximal tension the material can resist,
- α is the thermal expansion coefficient
- E is the Young's modulus, and
- ν is the Poisson ratio.
Higher thermal conductivity means it's more difficult to get a large thermal gradient across the material (less prone to shock); higher thermal expansion means more strain (more prone to shock), and higher Young's modulus means more stress for a given strain (more prone to shock).
So theoretically you could compare the different materials. (exercise for the reader ;) Most likely copper would be more resilient than the other metals, because of its higher thermal conductivity and higher ductility.
Thermal conductivity k: Copper = 401, Aluminum alloys = 120-180, stainless steel = 12-45 (units = W/m*K)
σT: no idea:
Coefficient of thermal expansion α: Copper = 17, Aluminum = 23, iron = 11.1, stainless steel = 17.3 (units = 10−6/°C)
Young's modulus E: Copper = 117, Aluminum = 69, iron/steel = around 200 (units = GPa)
Poisson's ratio ν: Copper/stainless steel/aluminum are all around 0.3-0.33, cast iron = 0.21-0.26
So stainless steel is worse than aluminum or copper (much lower thermal conductivity, higher Young's modulus).
They're the same thing - convection ovens are also known as fan-assist ovens (see for example wikipedia), since they're basically an oven with a fan. Maybe what you had previously was marketed as a fan-assisted oven, and threw out the phrase "conventional cooking" to emphasize that you can still do everything you conventionally could. But it sounds like you're just talking about two different convection ovens here.
More likely, the problems you're having are to do with either the convection being more efficient in your new oven, or the temperature control being off on one of the two. Ovens aren't always perfect, so likely your new oven is hotter when you set it to a given temperature than the old one. It might also have a more efficient fan. You can probably learn to adjust by trial and error - reduce temperatures, and check things frequently until you figure out you've gotten it right. It might also be helpful to grab a thermometer and see if your new oven is lying to you about the temperature.
(If you were previously using non-convection recipes in a convection oven, without adjustment, then your old oven was probably either too cool or its fan wasn't doing much. If you were adjusting recipes for convection previously, then maybe your new oven is hotter than it should be.)
Best Answer
I think that the feature that you would use to identify the ones that might require the same or higher temperature in fan assisted ovens is removal of water.
In the case of a fan oven, the water is more efficiently removed from the food surface by elimination/reduction of the boundary layer through circulation of air in the enclosed space. The boundary layer is a diffusion rate-limiting layer of still air that limits diffusion away from any surface (e.g. Washed clothes dry faster on a windy day than on a still one when hung outside). In conventional ovens, the boundary layer is larger as the air is largely still and the environment is isothermal.
In most recipes the cooking involves removal of water from the items being cooked, however the Maillard reaction and sterilization of (dry) glassware both rely on heat alone.