Fish – How to get crispy skin when pan frying fish

If the exterior of the gnocchi you had at the restaurant was crispy in the sense that it had a crunch to it, then they probably dropped it in a deep fryer for a minute or so to crisp it up.

I usually saute mine in clarified butter to brown the exterior and form a crust but it's not necessarily "crispy".

Regardless of what you're frying and whether you're shallow or deep-frying it, the problem of absorbing oil and turning out greasy is due to not having your oil hot enough, or adding too much food at once and dropping the temperature too much.

You usually want to fry between 350 and 375 degrees. If you're using a thermostat controlled fryer or electric skillet, then I suggest setting the temperature at 365 degrees so you still have room for up to a 15 degree drop in temperature without detriment to the food.

When food is fried the oil heats up the moisture inside the food product which then turns to steam and forces its way out. As the steam pushes outward it creates the visible bubbles we see. It's the force of the steam pushing outward that keeps the oil from going in to the food. As the temperature drops and thus the pressure from the steam, or the moisture has cooked away and food isn't removed when its done, the food starts to absorb the oil and turn greasy.

Summary: Loosely, so the food doesn't steam.

Heat distribution

As your question implies, the heat distribution through a quality pan is not perfectly even. It will be hottest directly over the hot spots of the flame or element.

Still, if your pan is well matched in size to the burner or heating element, and is of reasonable quality, that effect will be minimized, especially if you preheat the pan sufficiently long. Even a poor a relatively poor heat conductor like cast iron will begin to heat up across its surface if given more time.

In practice, the heat distribution qualities of the pan are not something you worry about.

Coupling

In order to fry your food, the heat must conduct from the pan into the food item. Air gaps, and water do not help very much with this.

Fat is used in frying, not just for the flavor that it imparts, but to provide a heat conductive coupling between the hot pan and the food item. The heat is actually transferred to the oil or fat which is direct contact with the pan, and then from their into the food item.

Therefore, you need a reasonable amount of fat, to prevent their being air gaps between the food and the pan.

Fat is preferable to water, because although it has a lower specific heat, it can be heated to temperatures above the boiling point of water, which is one of the key elements in a good fry.

Steaming

As is well known, water evaporates at 212 F / 100 C. It actually requires considerably more energy to launch a single water molecule into the air as steam than it does to get it up to the boiling point in the first place (this is called the enthalpy of evaporation).

Because of this effect, whenever food is steaming and giving off water, any excess energy above that needed to bring it to the boiling point goes into the ethalpy, vaporizing the water, and not into further increasing the temperature.

Therefore, you want your food to be as reasonably dry as possible. If left packed together, the moist steam will surround the food, preventing it from getting as crispy and brown as desired. Instead, fried foods should have a certain amount of gap, to allow the steam to escape into the general kitchen air, and to more rapidly allow the food to desiccate to the point where its temperature can rise above the boiling point, facilitating browning reactions which create flavor.

This is the controlling factor in how tightly food should be packed into the pan.

So the three example sausages should be distributed at least an inch or so (a couple of cm) from each other, if there is enough room, although this is not something you should use a ruler on, or obsess about in any case.

Overall, frying transfers energy to the food very quickly, and with basic good technique, you should get excellent results:

• Pre-heat your pan (unless it is PTFE coated non-stick) long enough for it to get to temperature
• Add enough fat to come up to at least the bottom of the food, depending on what type of frying you are doing
• Don't crowd the pan with food items
• Relax and enjoy; there is a lot of margin for error generally. In fact the greatest danger is burning or scorching the food, so be patient.