Check out this PDF from the Australian government (assuming the +61 in your profile means OZ)
Pages 29 and 30 deal with personal protective equipment. (PDF pages 42-43 AND WHY CAN"T ANY MAKE PDF page numbers work!!!)
Asbestos Removal Guidlines
I'll highlight this line: The laundering of contaminated protective clothing in workers’ homes is strictly prohibited.
Generally though, this is a workplace safety issue, and I'd contact the Ministry of Labour.
ArchonOSX's right of course that the best solution is to remove everything. But, if that's just not going to happen until hell freezes over for a 2nd time. Then, a few thoughts come to mind. If the Bamboo is underlayment approved, then even dime-thick padding will help.
First, get the floor as solid as possible...noticeably improved. Surface bubbles can be X-cut & glued back down...short screws into the lower layers, a heavy object or a floor to ceiling stick wedge for clamping would be needed. Cut, chisel or plane spikes to remove them.
As far as the big dips, hills & ramps go. I think you're right & I don't know of any "Floor Product" or "Concrete Resurfacing Product" that won't breakdown to dust. However, I do know of Bondo or Plastic Auto Body Filler & that won't dust, is easily manipulated & sanded, has decent open time, plenty strong & adhesive enough, is meant for large areas & is water resistant.
I think this line of thought is your only good option & you can start cheap & small to try it out & go get more if it's doing the job. These have the same benefits so you might choose them instead. I'd also say go with an Epoxy, but it gets expensive & is a lot worse goop to clean up & might slump or run too much. Finally, a soap & water clean-up would be Loctite Power Grab caulk adhesive since it dries good & hard & you'd be able to return unused tubes.
Best Answer
Call a professional.
I'm not sure there are really any diy ways to handle asbestos. In most places you need a license, and lots of expensive equipment to remove asbestos. You might be able to find somebody in your area willing to come out and take a look for free, if you are really lucky and they are really nice (or really hard up for work) they might even test it for free. The removal will most likely be a bit costly though.