I don't think the vacuum is ruined, it just needs to be cleaned properly. Since it is a shop vac just empty the dust out into a safe container, clean the inside of the vacuum out with some household cleaner, and then change the filter. You should be good to go after that.
Best Answer
You cannot tell by looking. Many non-asbestos products look like asbestos and asbestos itself appears very differently in different products.
The only safe approach is to have it tested before disturbing it in any way.