Concrete cure time before laying hot asphalt beside

You have divots in a concrete driveway.

I'd saw around the divot area, break it all out, and pour concrete, rather than anything to do with asphalt. Drill some holes in the edges and insert steel to tie the patch to the slab.

If following the "quick fix" fill-on-top approach, possibly thinset (tile cement) but trying to do anything with concrete in the winter is fraught with difficulty - you have to heat it up and keep it warm - if it freezes before it cures, it's toast.

My gut says that your quick fix with hot tar is going to be good for 6 months, at most. Additionally, it will complicate doing a good concrete repair later.

If, when pouring the concrete right up against the asphalt, you end up with parts of the concrete that taper or feather out to less than say about 1.5 -> 2.0 inches thick you will have trouble keeping the concrete in one piece. The thin parts are likely to fracture and break off.

I suspect that if you rented a concrete type saw and cut off the asphalt in a nice square edge that you could then pour the concrete right up to it without a form. You will want to make sure the concrete is at least 3.5 -> 4.0 inches thick to make sure it stands up to be driven upon and changes of weather through winter seasons (if you live in a place where it freezes in winter).