Wiring the workshop, it'd be simplest to use the 220V circuit to also supply the shop's 110V outlets. I know some machines/appliances do that internally; can I expose it on the wall?
(I'm never sure whether to call it 110/220, which is what I heard as a kid, 120/240, or 115/230…. or if they're all recognised as nominal so it doesn't much matter except when planning wattage capacity.)
Best Answer
There are a few concerns:
Neutral and Grounding
First and foremost to do any of this would require a neutral conductor and a non current carrying conductor known as a ground/earth.
Undersized Grounding
Most double pole branch circuit grounds are only sized at #10. This is only good for up to 60 Amps according to the NEC. The total Amps gained with the 120 V outlets may exceed what the code allows for #10 grounding. If the existing double pole is rated at 50 Amps, than you have 10 Amps to spare before having to increase the size of the ground to a #8 If you plan on removing the double pole receptacle all together than there shouldn't be a problem with a undersized ground.
OverCurrent Protection
If the above criteria has been met and the existing double pole receptacle is protected by a double pole 15 or 20 Amp breaker then you can safely tap off the conductors at the junction box to fed other 120 V outlets.
However if the double pole receptacle is protected by a breaker greater than 20 Amps, then one solution would be to change the the double pole receptacle to a small main-lug sub-panel. Then branch off the sub-panel so each branch circuit is protected by its own breaker.