What is the correct term for this external telephone wire cover? I have searched for external telephone cover and similar terms but can't see one to order.
Electrical – this external telephone wire cover called
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That looks like a doorbell transformer. Those smaller wires should lead to your doorbell chime unit (assuming you have a doorbell). The junction box is there simply to provide power to the doorbell transformer.
From the picture it looks like you have 12/3 and 14/2 in that box, but it is difficult to tell. How confident are you the larger wires are larger than #12?
Figure out what breaker is supplying power to that circuit. As long as it is sized appropriately for the smallest conductors on the circuit, it will be fine. For example, if that is indeed a mix of #12 and #10 copper, your breaker must be 20A or smaller.
Also as a side note, NM cables entering that metal junction box need to be secured with a cable clamp. Any unused knockout holes need to be plugged. It looks like you've got a couple of code violations there at the top of your picture.
It looks like an NF C 61-315 standard French single phase plug:
These are are rated for 400V, 32A on a single phase. The socket you have pictured looks like a French style Schuko (CEE 7/3), which is typically only rated to around 16A. My guess is that unless you already have a socket that was intended for use with an electric stove, the wires are likely not a suitable gauge to handle the current demand.
If you have an outlet with the appropriate wire gauge, it would probably just be a matter of replacing either the outlet or the plug. If you have any doubts, I'd consult an electrician before attempting to connect it.
Image credit: "Power connector Legrand 32A" by Kae - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_connector_Legrand_32A.jpg#/media/File:Power_connector_Legrand_32A.jpg
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Best Answer
It was once a brand name (and still is) but you'll often hear covers of this sort called Wiremold, which also describes the rectangular wiring cover below the box. In my years of cable television, I've probably seen dozens of different designs of telephone covers. I would expect that you may not find an exact match, unless you happen across new-old-stock somewhere.
My quick Google search shows that even Google considers Wiremold to be a generic term for plastic wire routing covers, typically surface mounted.
Most of the US telephone companies combine the cover with the demark with terminology to indicate that it's the "consumer interface module" or similar wording.
Because it's low voltage wiring, it's also unlikely that your zoning codes have specific requirements. You should be able to find something to your liking in a big box store or online, searching wiremold telephone cover.
I found this on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/OUTDOOR-CABLETEK-ENCLOSURE-UTILITY-CABLE/dp/B00BMVV758/ref=pd_sim_60_1?ie=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=Z9AMC9Q9J088Q2ZD1K1J