A child-proof, or tamper resistant (TR for short) receptacle, has a spring-loaded cover over the electrical contacts that retracts when both pins of the plug press against it. You need to push against both sides simultaneously, and some force is required to open the cover, making it difficult for a child to get something in far enough to get a shock.
A regular outlet doesn't have that cover, so a child can easily push something into the slot, touching the electrical contact and getting a shock.
Installation is exactly the same as for a regular receptacle (as you noted, they look identical from the outside).
Some other points:
- The 2008 NEC requires TR outlets in new construction and renovations (thank you, @Tester101).
- TR outlets are somewhat more expensive than regular.
- TR outlets grip the plug much more firmly than regular ones, reducing the risk of them pulling out accidentally.
It's up to the AHJ to make the call. The term is used to express that some methods and materials offer better protection against physical damage, and that those methods and materials should be preferred when there's potential for greater than normal physical damage.
I'd suspect you wouldn't encounter severe physical damage in residential settings often, though it may be more common in industrial settings where there is equipment and machinery moving hither and thither.
After further research, it appears the term was approved at some unknown time. It was possibly written in as part of the original proposal for an article, and then propagated as similar articles were proposed.
There have been proposals to apply the term to other areas of the code. Though as far as I can tell, all such proposals have been rejected. The outcome of one such proposal can be found in this document, where the submitter proposes a revision to 330.12(1) to include the term.
The uses not permitted section of Article 330 should acknowledge the protection against physical
damage provided by the metallic covering of this wiring method by limiting the cable from use where it is subject to
severe physical damage (such as forklift or vehicular damage). The degree or magnitude of physical damage depends
on the wiring type and the likelihood that damage prior to or after installation could severely damage or cause the wire to
be inoperable. Type MC Cables have a metallic covering which provides protection to the inner insulated and
non-insulated conductors against physical damage before, during, and after installation.
While the term “severe physical damage” in not defined in the NEC and thus requires evaluation by the AHJ, the
phrase is used to qualify the suitability of several wiring methods including in 358.12 for EMT, in 368.12 for busways, in
370.7 for cablebus fittings, in 376.12 for metal wireways, in 380.12 for multioutlet assembly, in 386.12 for surface metal
raceway, in 388.12 for surface nonmetallic raceway and in 392.12 for cable trays.
A comment from one of the folks who voted to reject the proposal, basically points out that the term only currently applies to raceways and wireways not cables.
... The submitter’s comparison to articles 358, 368,370, 376, 380, 386,
388, and 392 all include wiring methods or systems that are unique from that of cable either by virtue of limited use or
they are metal raceways or wireway. Cables introduce a significant degree of flexibility in the manner and location that
they are routed and the proliferation of their use within the industry.
Everybody involved agrees that the term is undefined, subjective, and the final determination as to if it's "severe" physical damage is left up to the AHJ.
Best Answer
A cable clamp has one job
It's supposed to clamp the cable in a way that the cable won't fall out of the hole, and will not damage the cable.
Notice the clamps are different shapes (assuming these are even pictures of the actual product, who's to say?)
So it goes without saying that the different shape will result in different clamping and damage characteristics.
However, it looks like the clamps may differ only in the cover plate, so if you have already installed the wrong thing, you may be able to correct it by swapping cover plates instead of rewiring.