I'd recommend venting out the gable. Run a rigid vent from the gable wall to a point near your install, and use a 2' piece of flex duct to connect the fan to the rigid vent. The flex duct makes the bends easy (don't kink it) and allows the fan to be repaired from below in the future. For that length, I don't think you need to worry.

Sealing the vapor barrier

You'll want to seal the vapor barrier to the fan housing using an acoustic sealant like OSI® SC-170™, or similar product (you might have to do this from above). Just make sure the sealant is approved for use with vapor barrier, some sealants won't adhere well to the vapor barrier.

If there is enough plastic to lap up the side of the housing about an inch, this will be a simple task. Fold the plastic back away from the housing, apply a bead of sealant around the housing, then push the plastic into the sealant.

If there isn't enough plastic to attach to the fan, you'll have to make a gasket. Simply cut a square of plastic larger than the fan housing, then make a cutout that will fit the fan. Leave the excess from your cutout attached, so you can attach the plastic to the housing. Use housewrap tape to attach the gasket to the existing vapor barrier, then follow the steps above to seal the plastic to the fan housing.

Patching the drywall

Depending on the size of the gap surrounding the fan, you'll have to use different approaches to fill it.

Very small gap

If the gap is really small; as in the drywall basically touches the sides of the fan housing, you're done. Just put the fans face trim on, and enjoy. If you really want to, you could run a bead of silicone caulk around the housing.

Small gap

If the gap is ~1" or less, you should be able to easily fill it with joint compound. It might take a few coats to fill the gap, since you don't want to put it on really thick or it will take a long time to dry. Once the gap is filled, feather the compound out to blend with the surrounding wall. You can use a 10"-12" taping knife for this.

Medium gap

Once you have a gap ~1"-2", it's time to start thinking about making the hole larger and patching it with another piece of drywall. You might be able to fill the gap with joint compound, but it will be much more difficult than with smaller gaps.

Large gap

If the gap is larger than 2", you're going to have to make the hole bigger before you can make it smaller. Cut out a square of drywall around the fan, until you get to the center of a joist on each side of the fan. Cut a new piece of drywall to fit the hole you just made, then cut out a hole in this piece to fit your fan housing. Make sure the hole for the fan is very close to the outside dimensions of the fan housing, so you'll end up with a very small gap. Tape and mud the joints, prime, and paint. Finally, follow the steps above from the "Very Small Gap" section.