Is the material behind the wall’s surface asbestos

No. That looks like polyisocyanurate:

Asbestos looks like any of these, depending on which form was used in what kind of location:

Nope. It's fiberboard. And, it's too late anyway as your lungs are now already permanently damaged if it were...a warning to all that you should always wear a dust mask (preferably N95 grade) for any demolition work. And Yes, dust-off, brush-off, blow-off or shake-out your hair and clothes only upon reaching the outdoors.