This is a problem best suited to the professionals, but if you must do it yourself the number one priority is the safety of you and those around you. This can be a very hazardous task, if you do not take every precaution to contain and remove the spores properly.
The first thing you'll have to think about is containment, you don't want to spread the mold spores while you clean the area. You'll want to seal off the area (under negative pressure) with plastic sheeting, making sure all seams are properly sealed.
Once the area is sealed off, you'll need the appropriate clothing.
- Respirator
- Tyvek suit (or other clothing that covers your whole body).
- Rubber gloves.
- Goggles.
Now it's time to start cleaning. Before you begin make sure the infected area is damp, this will minimize the chances the spores will become airborne. You'll start by scrubbing the affected area with a Borax-water mix (1cup Borax/1 gallon water) using a scrub brush, to remove as much of the mold as possible. Wipe up any excess mess with rags, and dispose of them in a thick plastic bag (Contractor bag). Rinse the area with a small amount of the Borax solution, then let it dry completely. Once dry you'll want to pour a small amount of disinfectant (Isopropyl Alcohol), and allow that to dry as well.
Now that the mold has been removed, you can paint the affected area with Kilz if you like. The most important step at this point is to address the moisture problem in the area, or it's likely the infestation will return. You'll want to do what you can to make sure there is no standing water in the area, and that any moisture drains away and dries quickly.
The most likely reason for you feeling worse is leftover dust from the work performed. That will include dust from the drywall, from sanding the filling and especially mold particles from the disturbed wall. The room may look clean, but replacing drywall will produce a lot of tiny dust particles that will settle everywhere and make an allergic person feel really bad until the dust is removed.
It might also be allergy to the new paint components and if that's the case then the paint has dried by this moment and you'll feel better.
So the number one thing is to clean the room thoroughly - wipe everything where the dust and mold particles may have settled at least twice.
As to painting over. Latex paint will form soft yet rather strong film that will bond and contain the mold for a while. If there's any amount of humidity and mold is indeed in the wall then mold will continue to grow and will likely resurface at some moment. However until that happens you can feel more or less safe - the dried paint is like soft plastic covering and containing everything.
Best Answer
I would be sure and get rid of the source of the mold as the kilz did not stop it. I am not a handy person, but, for mold I would consider a thorough job is essential to the existing mold not just painting with kilz as there are future unforseen health concerns.