This ball valve is stamped with 304.
304 is supposed to be stainless steel.
Does 304 mean stainless steel? will it rust?
It isn't used yet, how come there is already rust inside?
If i use it, will i expect more rusts?
Plumbing – Can 304 (stainless steel) rust
plumbing
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I think what is leaking is the drain. Does it look like the object sticking out to the side in the below picture? If so, this is used to drain water from the house side of the supply when the valve is off.
It sounds like you over tightened it in the first place which started the leaking. If you've broken only the cap, you might be able to find a replacement. If the stem and threads are damaged, long-term you will need to replace the entire valve. As a short-term fix, you just need to block it some how. Marine epoxy is handy for emergency plumbing repairs.
I believe that your statement "the toilet is also supposed to apparently have a shut off valve" refers to rough plumbing and NOT the toilet. I am not aware of any toilet with a shut-off valve inside the toilet. If you don't have an external shut-off valve close to the external supply hose/pipe that connects to the toilet tank, you may not have a valve. In this case, the only way to turn off the water supply for the toilet is to find another valve on this system- most likely the whole-house valve, like keshlam suggested. It is unlikely that the shut-off valve is in the wall.
This image is a good example of a toilet shut-off- valve:
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Best Answer
304 will rust, to an extent. It's not shocking or surprising. Plenty of examples if you do an image search - in my case, personal experience.
However, my best guess on that very isolated spot is that it may have had a speck of regular carbon steel from the manufacturing process, which rusted there.