Plumbing – Toilet bowl fills very slowly unless the shut off valve is turned off and then on again

The overflow tube drains directly into the bowl, not the tank. The only way I can think that it would prevent the tank from filling is if it was cracked or had a hole in it and allowed tank water to drain into the bowl. If this was the case, you would notice the fill valve cycling if it was a slow leak or never shutting off if it were a large leak. The reason the tank fills quickly when you divert the bowl refill tube into the tank is that you are simply not splitting the water from the fill value between the tank and bowl any more.

It sounds like your fill valve assembly is the problem. The fill value has 2 outlets, one that directs into the tank, and the other that sends water into your bowl refill tube. My best guess is that something inside of the fill value got clogged with sediment, hard water deposits, or something else that restricted it. These are relatively cheap to replace and likely not worth the time to clean them out in my opinion.

Don't worry, dual flush toilets aren't any different. It sounds like your Fill Valve (the tall thing on the left) is on its way out. You can do a new one with just big pliers & you'll need to replace the water hose from the wall to the toilet. $30 & 30-minutes, at the most, should get you back to normal. Or, call Roto Rooter if you don't do that stuff. It's common but not too predictable, every 10-years is a good preventative rule.