Remove Outdoor Carpet Glue

I don't know how true it is but I've heard a few times that certain plants do a good job of removing VOCs from household air. You could try investigating this claim. Here's one page that mentions it.

http://www.thedailygreen.com/going-green/tips/best-plants-for-indoor-air-quality

My wife has trouble with a variety of VOCs. It might not be an option for you to store the carpet partially outstretched in your garage until most of the odour departs.

You're on the right track. I've repaired chips and missing chunks in 80-100 year old public stairways in similar ways. Start with a hammer and chisel, and be really aggressive like a dentist to find and remove all the soft spots.

I've used the tapcon screws, but generally find it easier to chisel an irregular shape that does the same thing.

For your patch I might chisel a channel all the way to the top, so it is easier to get the patching mortar past temporary formwork. Remove your formwork as the stuff starts to get hard, and brush or trowel to match the old surface. Or ignore that as your "concrete restore" will hide minor surface differences.

You can build up the repair in layers, but that requires mixing a fresh batch of rapid set cement every 15 minutes or so.