Walls – How to frame walls on an uneven concrete slab

Vapor barrier (if any) goes on the warm side of the wall. That's the inside for those of us in the frozen North (on average, for the greater part of the year.) In central Texas I'm guessing that might be the outside, on average.

Best solution to messy irregular stud bays might be damp-spray (aka glue-spray) cellulose (not a DIY product, but really good at dealing with irregularities and no vapor barrier is needed.)

I’m guessing that slab is on the ground floor .If so, and then from my experience it is much cheaper and easier to make a new than to fix the old slab. Firstly, you should smash the old one and then check groundwork under the slab. If it is not quality (well compacted) then you should pour some Breakstone, gravel and compact it as much as possible. Then you can work on a slab. It should be at least 15cm thick (round 6 inches if you are in US) and make sure that you use reinforcement; you can use either bars or net. At this stage you must make a decision if you want to make a slab „floating“ meaning separated from the walls, or you should place some steel bars from the foundations of the walls to the slab. This way they would be connected, act as a moonlit structure. But unless you have a problem with underground water, or anything that could cause negative pressure maybe you can go with „floating“ slab; in which case you should use something to separate slab from the walls while you are casting concrete, something like very thin Styrofoam placed on the walls.