What are the best practices for taping a window for hurricane protection

It's a window latch and keeper. Unscrew a good one, head over the your local hardware store, and see if they have a match in stock. Pay close attention to the distance between the screw holes and the how tight the two parts are pulled together. They come in a lot of styles, e.g. this would work if the keeper was on a horizontal instead of on a vertical surface:

You can also look online, and worst case scenario, you'll have to go to the window manufacturer to get the replacement parts.

This is not meant to be a complete answer, but might help with your understanding of it. My understanding of the physics of windows is as follows -

Nearly all radiation (visible, UV, infrared, every other type too) that travels from outside the house into the house and is absorbed (not reflected back out again) is converted into heat. I would expect that exceptions (such as the energy from UV light causing a chemical change, such as when it fades your couch, or waves that induce a current in a conductor) are relatively negligible.

This means any radiation that can be reflected from the window to prevent it entering the house reduces the heat load. Also, if the radiation is absorbed into the window glass (eg through tinting it), then some of the heat from the window glass will be lost to the outside (through both conductance/convection and some radiated heat) which is an additional benefit.

A heated window pane would like lose more heat to the outside than the inside because the wind would help keep the temperature difference between the glass and the adjacent outside air larger than the temperature difference between the glass and the inside air.