Learn English – A more polite way of saying “the world is going to sh–“

Both uses of the past form are possible. Some grammarians speak of the past form as "remote", because it "removes" the verb to a distance which may be either temporal or social.

Hi, Maria, I'm calling because I wanted to take you out for dinner.

Here you use the past form to make want less demanding. The remoteness is social.

Sorry I couldn't track you down last night. I wanted to take you out to dinner.

Here the primary sense is clearly temporal remoteness. You could, however, work in a degree of social remoteness by also employing the progressive construction, which in this case would have no implication of imperfectivity - it would just be a further distancing device.

Sorry I couldn't track you down last night. I was wanting to take you out to dinner.

Note that this last construction could also be used in the first example:

Hi, Maria, I'm calling because I was wanting to take you out for dinner.

In this particular instance, however, the progressive construction would probably not be used because it clashes with the progressive calling in the main clause.

• Grammarians give this the Latin name horror aequi, "the widespread (and presumably universal) tendency to avoid the use of formally (near-)identical and (near-)adjacent grammatical elements or structures" (Rohdenburg).

You'd be more likely to use it in a context without a prior progressive:

Are you by any chance free tonight? I was wanting to take you out for dinner.

To express the "see-what-you're-missing" sense in English you would employ a construction with a stronger sense of intention. The past would be necessary in this case, rather than optional, because you would be speaking of a prior intention which no longer holds:

I was going to take you out for dinner, but I've changed my mind.

When you say:

Would you tell me the way to the station?

you are asking a favor of someone.

When you say:

Could you tell me the way to the station?

literally you are asking if the person knows the way to the station and can tell you. As a question it is implied that you are hoping for the answer, but permission or whether the person wishes to answer is not addressed.

As such, using would is more polite.