Learn English – “Agree with the writer”, but “Agree to/with this answer”

I think in some ways you have answered your own question(s).

1. Yes, "go shopping". One would not say "go storing". Shopping is, as far as I know, used the same way in UK and US English, and has nothing to do with "shop" vs "store".

2. and 3. You would either name the store or type of store ("I'm going to the hardware store") or, as you say, ""I'm going shopping" or "I'm going downtown", but not "I'm going to the stores". You might be inclined to add specifics: "I'm going shopping for a hammer", for example.

In certain places, you may find "shop" and "store" are interchanged (I certainly do this, having lived in both US-English and UK-English countries). If you want to sound natural, though, stick with what is usual for your area.

Of interest:

eytmonline.com says that "shop" meaning "booth or shed for trade or work" is c. 1300, while "to visit shops for the purpose of examining or purchasing goods" is from 1764 (no idea what they would have said before that!).

Meaning "building or room set aside for sale of merchandise" is from mid-14th century, while "store" for "place where goods are kept for sale" is first recorded 1721, in American English.

There was apparently a strong distinction between "shop" and "store" in US English, with "shop" having retained its original (1300) meaning:

The word store is of larger signification than the word shop. It not only comprehends all that is embraced in the word shop, when that word is used to designate a place in which goods or merchandise are sold, but more, a place of deposit, a store house. In common parlance the two words have a distinct meaning. We speak of shops as places in which mechanics pursue their trades, as a carpenter's shop a blacksmith's shop a shoemaker's shop. While, if we refer to a place where goods and merchandise are bought and sold, whether by wholesale or retail, we speak of it as a store. [C.J. Brickell, opinion in Sparrenberger v. The State of Alabama, December term, 1875]

Not sure whether that use of "shop" remains in US English.

You are right: c is correct and d is not.

She is interested in teaching work because she loves working with children

work is uncountable, so the sentence is grammatically correct. As others have said, the word work is not strictly necessary, but its usage in this way is common and idiomatic: similar usages include charity work or office work.

profession is countable, so the sentence is not grammatically correct as it stands. An article is required, for example:

She is interested in the teaching profession because she loves working with children

With the article, the sentence is grammatically correct and nobody would complain if somebody said this, but it would be regarded as quite formal.