Learn English – ‘~ and many more.’ vs. ‘~and much more.’

The first part of your question is exactly right: too much money, too much water, too many dollars, too many lakes.

As for "I have too much time" – by itself, that means something like, "I have so much free time I don't know what to do with it." So, I'd say that part of your question is correct as well.

The last part is where things get dicey. "I have a lot of time" (which could also be phrased as "I have plenty of time") generally means "I have a lot of available time," and that could be for any number of reasons – it's context dependent. I would think that any of these questions or comments could be answered with, "Yes, I have a lot of time":

• Thanks for helping me fix this lawn mower; do you have enough time to help me fix the wagon, too? (In other words, Do you have any remaining available time right now?)

• I was wondering if we could set up a meeting sometime next week. (In other words, Sometime in the future, will you have a block of available time?)

• Our football team needs a treasurer for the upcoming season. Could you volunteer? (In other words, Do you have enough available time that you could take on some short-term responsibility?)

• Could you take on a second part-time job in the evenings? (In other words, Does your schedule have enough free time that you could take on another activity on a regular basis for the foreseeable future?)

And then there's the context you mentioned, where the answer might be "No, I have a lot of [free] time":

• Are you so busy right now that your life is just completely hectic?

So, "I have a lot of time" can mean several things, depending on the context.

Effort can be used both as a count noun and an uncount noun.

• Uncount noun: Effort means 'an amount of work'. Something takes too much effort means that something is just too much work compared to what you achieve with it.
• Count noun: Effort means 'an attempt at something'. For example, rescue efforts refer to (possibly successful) attempts made to rescue victims of a disaster. Too many efforts means that there were too many of these attempts, because for example this put the rescue workers in danger.

Another example: a student submitted a few dozen essays to a writing challenge: in that case he made too many efforts which may be viewed negatively by the jurors. On the other hand, if the student posted only one essay, but spent hundreds of hours polishing it, rewriting every sentence at least four times without this actually improving the essay significantly, he put in too much effort.