I've read that 'being+past participle' is used in participle.But I'm confused to have found the following sentences written in one of my grammar book(This book isn't available in internet) as gerunds.These sentences are:
- He is afraid of being hated.
- I remember being taken to Delhi as a small boy.
3.Being frightened wouldn't solve any problems.
My questions:
1. What's the meanings of above sentences?
2.In which condition this "being+p.p"construction is used as gerunds to make sentences?
Best Answer
SENTENCE 1:
You have to learn how the adjective - afraid - is used in a sentence. What it licenses etc. A good place to look for those things is a good learners' dictionary. Look here.
You see there?
So the adjective - afraid - licenses a Preposition Phrase (PP) - of doing something - headed by the head preposition - of. Inside the PP, the head preposition - of - take a Gerund-Participle form of verb - doing something - as a complement.
Now that you know about the usage of the adjective - afraid, consider the following sentence -
He is afraid is fine. Now, what he fears? This is to be introduced by a PP headed by a preposition - of. Here he is to feed the dogs and he fears to perform that action. So feeding the dogs is what he fears. This Gerund-Participle form of verb - feeding the dogs - will be the complement of the preposition - of - inside the PP.
Now concentrate on your sentence -
He is afraid is fine. What he fears? that people will hate him. We can't use hating him as a complement of of inside the PP. Why? Because then it would mean that the action - hating - to be performed by the subject of the sentence - he. But that is not the intended meaning. So we have to look for other alternatives. What he fears? (he is) to be hated (by people) is what he fears. That gives the intended meaning. So of being hated can act as a complement of the adjective - afraid.
SENTENCE 2:
I guess you don't have any problem with the part as a small boy, so for simplicity I remove that part.
So what I said earlier? Learn the usage of words. Here the verb - remember. This will help.
What you remember? switching the lights off Who is performing the action of switching the lights off? The subject - you - itself.
But in your sentence it's a bit different. The action of taking to Delhi is not being performed by the subject - I. But by some other person.
What do I remember? (I am) being taken to Delhi (by some one) is what I remember. So it's
Hope I could help. You can ask in comments if you need any more clarification.