The various forms of consult and counsel are derived via French from Latin consulo (consulere, consului, consultum). This word in itself carries conflicting meanings— asking for advice, receiving it, reflecting on it— and so it should be no surprise that the English derivatives have multiple usages, some of which are antonyms but others which are not.
In particular, the noun forms counselling and consulting refer to specific professional practices, beyond providing counsel or being consulted. After all, I can profess my fondness for music, but that does not make me a professor; I can account for all my golf clubs, but I am not performing accounting (or accountancy).
Counselling (BrE) / counseling (AmE) is idiomatically identified with
the provision of professional assistance and guidance in resolving personal or psychological problems
(emphasis added), perhaps because of common association. Similarly, therapy on its own will be intrepreted as psychotherapy or psychological therapy; one specifies physical therapy if undergoing an exercise regimen for muscles and joints rather than feelings and relationships.
Consulting is
the business of giving expert advice to other professionals
The "short" answer to your first question, then, is that counselling has become closely identified with advice given to individuals (whether alone or in groups) to assist with their emotional problems, whereas consulting is sought to address problems in a business or professional practice or process.
These usages color the use of counsel and consult as verbs. Generically, they mean simply to give advice and to seek advice respectively. To say she is counselling him without other context, however, will usually be interpreted as saying she is offering psychological or emotional guidance. And confusingly, especially in American usage, to consult can mean to be employed as a consultant— and thus to be giving rather than requesting advice: He consults for Accenture; She consults at the World Bank.
The noun forms counsel and consultation (sometimes abbreviated to consult) also have specific usages that can overshadow their generic ones. We can also speak of taking your mother's counsel or working in consultation with our partners. But counsel, thanks to television courtroom procedurals, can be taken as legal counsel, meaning either your lawyer or to the advice they officially provide. A consultation is the time a professional takes to evaluate your case, as when you first meet your lawyer or doctor about a particular issue: set up an appointment for your consultation.
As to your second question, yes, equal can be used as a verb, meaning either to be equal or to make equal. But unless dealing with numerical quantities, I think a native speaker would more likely ask if something is the same as another, or whether it is equivalent to or is equal to as you have done.
Best Answer
Envious: You envy something (or someone) another person has and you wish you have too, usually something you cannot have at all or which would need too much effort to have, especially when the other person got it with ease.
Jealous: You are jealous of something (or someone) you have and you fear it can be taken away from you, so its more bound to specific things, while you can envy a skill, for example, you can't be jealous of it, because it cannot be unlearned, usually.
Answering your samples:
A man/woman is envious toward another man/woman if the other one possesses something he/she doesn't have.
A man/woman is jealous toward another man/woman if he/she own some kind of strong relationship and fears it can be taken away.
A man is envious toward his competitor, and jealous toward the "object" of the competition.
A man is protective toward all women of his family or even nationality or religion, no envy or jealousy involved here in my opinion.