Learn English – “Except” vs “except if”

Indeed, "all without" is the worst option here. It isn't technically incorrect, but it doesn't sound right and you would never hear or see anybody use it in this context.

"All but" is the second best option, but still it doesn't fit this context that well. You could use it, but it still doesn't sound completely right.

"All except" is, without a doubt, the best and most fitting option. Since you are filtering something out, you're leaving it out - "all except" works the best here.

Your first example is not correct. "I feel sadness" is not good English. You can say, "I am filled with sadness," or "I am overcome with sadness," but when you use a sense verb like "feel," what needs to follow is an adjective.

Similarly, we say "I feel tired," not "I feel fatigue." "I am overcome by fatigue," on the other hand, would be correct because "to overcome" is not a sense verb.

See: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/sense-verbs/