I think your questions are both OK. Your only mistake is that you mention the Present Perfect Progressive (also called the Present Perfect Continuous) but you don't use it.
When inquiring about periods of time regarding activities that still occur/are still true (and are not completed), the right approach in English is always a Present Perfect tense. Whether that be Continuous (+ing) or Simple (+ past participle) (and if the action is completed, but we don't know when), depends on the verb. State verbs (like "be" in your first example) can only be employed using Present Perfect Simple, whilst action verbs (like "study" in your second example) can be employed in PPS/PPC. Using PPC gives your sentence/question that emphasis of "repeated/continuous" activity, but is not mandatory.
So:
How long/How many years have you studied English?
Is just as worthy as:
How long/How many years have you been studying English?
(The same applies to your first example too)
Which brings us to your question of how to phrase your query if you wish to receive an answer using a specific "time reference" (ie "years" in your example). Generally speaking, the native English speaker will likely not worry about the "time" part of the question too much, leaving the listener to respond in the most logical way. In your example, this would likely be in years, or possibly:
Since I was 5.
Of course, sometimes specificity is needed or desired as in your question. If you don't want "since I was 5" type answers, then you need to "lead" the listener, by encouraging them to respond according to the "time" part of the question you use.
How many years? = For x years
How many days? = For x days
Etc.
Consider this last example of a situation where a specific (maybe overly?) response is needed.
A manager has to enter a candidate's information into the following box on their computer during a job interview: Years of higher education studies completed: [ ]
The manager will obviously require a response in years, and so will need to ask his question accordingly:
How many years of higher education studies have you completed?
Note the use of PPS for the "finished action".
Or, if the candidate is still studying:
How many years have you been studying in higher education?
Naturally, my examples work just as well with a more general "time query" (ie "How long?") if the answer doesn't need to be specific.
I hope that answers your question fairly well. Maybe I went into too much detail on PPS/PPC and confused you (I hope not!). As a final observation, I think your first question reads more naturally without "for".
The two are interchangeable if you intend a continuative† reading: that you have lived in Europe for the two years leading to the present moment.
okI have lived in Europe for two years, and will not leave until next year.
okI have been living in Europe for two years, and will not leave until next year.
But if you intend an existential† reading, signifying that you lived in Europe for two years on at least one occasion in the past, you cannot use the progressive construction:
okI am widely travelled: I have lived in Europe for two years, in Brazil for nearly five, and in Singapore for three. BUT
∗ I am widely travelled: I have been living in Europe for two years, in Brazil for nearly five, and in Singapore for three.
†For a somewhat more detailed description of these distinct uses of the perfect, see What is the perfect, and how should I use it?, especially §3.2 Pragmatic meaning.
∗ marks an utterance as unacceptable
Best Answer
I have been being here is not idiomatic.
You have probably learned that there is a category of verbs which are only very rarely used in with the progressive/continuous construction: stative verbs like be, know, live, see which express a state rather than an action or event. These verbs have the fundamental sense of a continuing state (which is what the progressive/continuous construction expresses) built into their meanings, so the progressive/continuous is superfluous.
For the same reason these verbs are rarely used with the progressive/continuous perfect construction. Indeed, there is even stronger pressure to avoid the progressive/continuous perfect, because the perfect is also inherently stative: it designates a state which came into being as a result of a prior action or event.
Saying I have been being here for ten years thus adds nothing to the sense of I have been being here for ten years, so we don't say it.
Furthermore: These "rules", like most "rules" of grammar, are not absolute: there are exceptions. But lexical be (that is, be as a main verb, not a component of the progressive or passive construction) is exceptionally resistant to exception, because it is the most "stative" of verbs: it ordinarily expresses nothing beyond a particular state. In consequence, when lexical be is cast in the progressive construction it usually has a different meaning, approximately "temporarily behave":