It might help to realize that these are not merely stock phrases, but are productive forms.
The pattern "In [verb]ing, [result]" means that by taking a certain action, a person achieves a particular result. The construction defines the result or the meaning of the action. "In doing so" is a particularly generic example. But it applies to plenty of other verbs. For example, the rules of chess say that if you touch a piece, you have to move that piece. So a person describing these rules could say that "In touching a piece, you force yourself to move that piece next." Or another example from this article: "In making this statement, it is the mother's intent to not comment at this time". This is trying to control the meaning of her action: she states what she is doing, and then the result that she intends for it to have. (Or, in this case, not have.) "In writing a book which is so different from his previous successes, the author is taking a big risk." If it is already understood from context, I could replace "In writing a book which is so different from his previous successes" with "In doing so". (This is just an example of using "doing so" to replace a longer verb phrase; you can interpret this "so" as meaning "that thing I just said".)
The "In [verbing]" constructions frequently take the form of performatives: "In riding this roller coaster, you agree to accept all responsibility for any injuries which you receive." My making that statement affects the legal reality: by defining the meaning of your action, I've turned a basic action into acceptance of a contract.
"In such a way that" is similar to "In [verb]ing", in that it's trying to describe the result of the verb which comes before it. However, this one is more of a stock phrase. It doesn't involve a changing component the way "In [verb]ing" does (with the verb). Here the pattern is something like "[verb phrase] in such a way that [result]". Going back to chess again, an example could be "He moved his knight in such a way that I would lose either my bishop or my queen." Or "He wrote his name in such a way that no one could read it." Some people consider this a less favorable construction than the one above, because it uses more words to mean the same thing. Then again, sometimes people don't want to be concise!
"In a way that" is more general in application: it is not restricted to describing the result of an action, but merely the manner in which it was done. So you could say "He wrote his name in a way that no one could read" (this doesn't specifically indicate the result, it's purely descriptive) or "He whistled in a way that I'd never seen before" (which is absolutely not describing the result of his decision).
Hopefully these will seem more comfortable or more familiar with more practice.
I have gone through both the links and could figure out the following meaning and difference.
Sit yourself at the table means - there is this table with a few chairs around it. So it only means to sit (on a chair at the table) to take some rest.
Set the table phrases is used for arranging the things needed for a meal on the table. 'Do you want me to set the table?' means 'Do you want me to arrange things for the meal on the table? - So the sentence in the e-book is 'Do not set yourself at the table to sit alone' means - you should wait for the other members to join you for a meal or have your meal with them and not alone. I have no idea about the story but i think it is related to etiquettes and manners. So this explanation fits.
If you happen to go in a hotel then what expression will the waiter use among the above two. He'll say --
Sit yourself at the table. Your order will be served there.
Best Answer
First, let's talk about their interchangeability. There are some contexts where the two words could be used to mean "additional"; however, I think there seems to be a subtle difference in meaning when the word further is used:
In the case of the summit meeting, the word further hints that talks might have helped two sides come closer to an agreement. That's because one meaning of further is:
In the case of the tired runner, any further suggests a greater distance, while any more suggests a longer time. While those meanings overlap, I think further might be a better word for a runner dropping out of a marathon, while more might be a better word for someone working out on a treadmill. That's because further also means:
As for the book, I think the best way to describe the latest edition of a book is:
You might use another when comparing two different editions of the same book:
It's harder to use further, because, in the context of publishing, I would interpret further to mean:
However, I suppose we could:
In that last sentence, the adjectives new or more could work in place of further.