Learn English – Idiom for “you can’t undo the effects of having said something”

Your first example, where the sentence is technically true but conveys a false meaning, would be considered sophistry in English. Informally, we might call these weasel words or, in some situations, use the recently coined word truthiness.

If you tell the truth about something, but hold something back, as in your second example, you could call that a half-truth. If you say, "I can't be drunk, I only had one beer," but you also drank a bottle of vodka, that would be a half-truth. This seems closer to your second example.

However, in my experience, most English speakers would be more likely to describe these situations in more general terms, as a trick, than to use a term specific to this sort of language.

As @Cardinal says, "karma" is one way to describe this. Specifically, "karmic justice" is a common phrase used to refer to some justice or punishment dealt by the universe (or the gods) as a response to malicious actions.

You may also be looking for phrases such as:

You will have your judgment day.

"Judgment day" makes reference to when a person dies and is judged by a god or gods. Depending on the judgment, that person may or may not be admitted to heaven (or the equivalent in that religion) and may instead be sent to hell (or the equivalent).

There are also phrases without religious undertones, such as:

What goes around comes around.

This is the same concept (if you do something bad to someone, you will have something equally bad done to you), but without reference to any specific system of belief.