Learn English – In red color or red color of… Which one is better

IMO, no!

pros and cons typically talk about advantages and disadvantages of something. And it, I think, is the most acceptable phrase. Replacing it with 'for' and 'against' would make that sentence a bit ambiguous. In other words, you may need to clarify to a few (including me!) who may not get it at first.

Some believe that for and against works in debates

Even before coming to the discussions on grammatical correctness here; Since you are using words that refer to the size of the object like 'small' and 'large' you don't need to specify size explicitly. You can instead ask for a 'smaller' or 'larger' orange.

Going into examples cited, I would rewrite them as follows.

A greengrocer sells oranges, both big and small.

Here the reason to avoid usage of types is that it can be misconstrued as if you are specifying two varieties of oranges and not the sizes per se.

I need a smaller/larger orange

If we are framing it as a question so as to ask for the availability of a smaller or larger orange. you can use

Do you have a smaller/orange?