Learn English – is it correct to say ‘Just called’ when you telling someone

Great question, Yubraj. The dictionary answers that you referenced above are correct but delivered in a way that is rather difficult for even native speakers to understand.

Quite simply, "after all" is used to show that something is true or happened despite reasons to believe otherwise. It's a cue to tell the reader about an idea/action continuing despite something else.

To address your examples above:

1. "The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all." → We might have expected that the game would be cancelled because of the rain. Instead, it's going to continue.
2. "I do like her - after all, she is my sister." → There may have been a question about whether I like my sister. At the end of the day, however, I must like her because she is my sister.
3. "Maybe she was right after all." → I didn't believe that she was right before, but now I think that I was wrong about her.
4. "I'm sorry, but we’ve decided not to come after all." → We intended to be there, but something changed and we are not going to attend.

Now there's another usage which the Macmillan Dictionary captured in the two examples below. In this usage, the intention is to emphasize a point by adding an additional reason.

5. "She shouldn’t be working so hard – she is 70, after all." → She shouldn't be working so hard, especially considering that she is so old.
6. "I’m not really ambitious. After all, money isn’t everything." → I don't need to be ambitious, especially when there are other priorities in life. (This writer is equating ambition with money.)

I hope that this helps. Feel free to ask any follow-up questions and I'll do my best to respond.

One idea that comes to my mind is the verb jinx.

We often say that someone jinxes something when something bad happens after that person has made a related comment. For example, in this blog, a blogger writes about tornadoes. On the same day the post was published, one commenter said:

I think you jinxed us. Currently have several tornadoes moving through our area.

Sometimes, though, this phrase is used when a comment is made about how things are going well, and then the situation changes after the comment is made. For example, in a newspaper article about a baseball game:

Manager Kirk Gibson, meanwhile, thought perhaps a reporter was to blame. “I think you jinxed us,” Gibson said. “You were the one talking about how good the defense was playing, right? You should keep your mouth shut.”

The phrase was also explained on an English message board:

When someone says, "You jinxed me," it means you said something, and made it so it might happen. For example:

You: I can't believe we got locked out of the house.
Friend: At least it's not raining!
[it begins to rain]
You: Ugh, you jinxed it!

So, your example about the upcoming raises might happen like this:

Cody: We don't have many customers these days. I hope our boss will not cancel the year-end bonus.
Donovan: Shhh! Don't jinx us!

Note: This is fairly common parlance in the US; I'm not sure about other parts of the world.