"Call" here means predict. From dictionary.com: to indicate or characterize accurately in advance; predict, e.g. It is often difficult to call the outcome of an election.
12-for-12 is a measurement of completion. The thing being measured is entirely implied and could, in general, be anything. For example, to go "12-for-12" in free throws in the sport of basketball means to be successful on all 12 attempts. These 12 attempts could all be in the same game, in different games, over the course of a season, etc.
Here "12-for-12" is kind of vague without more information, but presumably it means that that Tony made 12 attempts to date or have sex with the 12 cover models of last year's Maxims, and that all attempts were successful, except that there were actually thirteen because of one pair of twins, etc.
Addressing your specific questions:
'Can you imagine how dirty it gets over time?'
When people talk informally, they are often a little sloppy. The present tense would be the perfect choice to state a generalization or natural law such as:
'White gets dirty over time.'
This idea was close enough for the speaker. Someone who likes to be more precise might say, instead, "Can you imagine how dirty it would get over time [if we bought the white pillow]?" But you might not enjoy living with someone who uses English precisely all the time. Such people tend to be nitpicky.
'The grease from your fingers will burn into the bulb and then it breaks.'
Here, two ideas have been spliced together into one sentence.
First idea: "[If you touch the bulb with your fingers] the grease from your fingers will burn into the bulb."
Second idea: "When that happens, i.e. when you touch the bulb with your fingers, the bulb breaks."
This is another example of the simple present being used for a generalization or natural law. And again, in a situation of informal speech you caught the speaker being a little sloppy.
'I hope it goes away overnight.'
I don't know how the English grammar experts would view this (if you want to know, you could ask over at ELU SE), but I will share how I see this example. My other primary language is Spanish, which has a subjunctive. English has one too, but people don't think about it much. In Spanish you really can't get away without thinking about it. In Spanish, this would be
Espero que se quite para mañana. ("se quite" is conjugated in the subjunctive)
I see the English sentence the same way -- I see goes away as the present subjunctive, which happens to be conjugated the same as the simple present.
Your questions were good, and you've done some careful listening and recording of what you've heard.
I would be remiss if I didn't point out a small but important misuse of the simple present tense in your question:
You wrote: I moved from Germany to California and since I'm here I hear people use the simple present....
Expressions beginning with "since" are notoriously easy to get tripped up on.
Better: I moved from Germany to California and since I've been here I've heard people use the simple present....
Or: I'm from Germany. Here in California I hear people use the simple present....
Best Answer
This is a common phrase and can be used conversationally.
This is slightly more formal, and might be a better term to use when communicating with the registrar's offices of the two institutions.
This phrase will work – there is nothing wrong about it – but it could mean something more temporary and less permanent (such as a one-semester exchange study abroad).
This phrase could work, too, but I probably wouldn't use it unless I was moving to another city. (I probably wouldn't say this if I was going to start going to a different school in the same city as my first.)
In short, in informal conversations, like the one you mention in your question, any of these will work:
And, if Sanders University is not located where you live now: