In all these cases, you can use either form and it will be correct. Around is used exclusively in these verbs in the US and Canada (I daresay). About is more common in Britain and maybe Australia and Ireland, but I can't be too sure. However, they can definitely be used interchangeably, although if you wish to "localize" your text for the States specifically, you would naturally go with around.
At first none of the examples sounded good to my ear, but after I looked it up it seems that the 2nd and the 3rd are correct.
Many discuss the topic that whether medicine has true benefit on our society.
Whether is a subordinating conjunction. That is also a conjunction. Pilling up conjunctions one after another does not serve a purpose, and it is grammatically incorrect. Both of these conjunctions can be used to introduce a noun clause, but in your example the noun clause is derived form a yes/no question:
Does medicine have true benefit on our society?
Therefore you should use whether (that is used for noun clauses derived from statements).
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Many discuss the topic of whether medicine has true benefit on our society.
Google books shows evidence of "... of whether..." construction usage, e.g. in: "...the question of whether the pure self can be conceived of in unity with a living organism." At the same time
LDOCE gives examples of the construction "topic of". Since these two were my main concerns, the sentence should be correct.
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Many discuss the topic on whether medicine has true benefit on our society.
Again, there is evidence of usage of the phrase:
topic on whether, although there are only 68 hits, which would indicate that this phrase is used rarely.
Finally, Many question whether medicine brings a true benefit to the society would be my personal preference, but there are many ways to phrase this thought.
Best Answer
[native:Australian]
I would use "in".
You could also say: "I am enthusiastic about gaining a knowledge of medicine, in particular, X and Y techniques."
I can't tell you with certainty why this is the case, sorry. Just sounds right to me. I suspect that you are interested "in the technique" rather than about it. That is, that you wish to learn how to become a practitioner of the technique rather than learning attributes of it (which might be who performs it, how long it has been performed, who pioneered it, and so on).
Hope this helps.