Learn English – Since when are you here ? Is it correct

I think your questions are both OK. Your only mistake is that you mention the Present Perfect Progressive (also called the Present Perfect Continuous) but you don't use it.

When inquiring about periods of time regarding activities that still occur/are still true (and are not completed), the right approach in English is always a Present Perfect tense. Whether that be Continuous (+ing) or Simple (+ past participle) (and if the action is completed, but we don't know when), depends on the verb. State verbs (like "be" in your first example) can only be employed using Present Perfect Simple, whilst action verbs (like "study" in your second example) can be employed in PPS/PPC. Using PPC gives your sentence/question that emphasis of "repeated/continuous" activity, but is not mandatory. So:

How long/How many years have you studied English?

Is just as worthy as:

How long/How many years have you been studying English?

(The same applies to your first example too)

Which brings us to your question of how to phrase your query if you wish to receive an answer using a specific "time reference" (ie "years" in your example). Generally speaking, the native English speaker will likely not worry about the "time" part of the question too much, leaving the listener to respond in the most logical way. In your example, this would likely be in years, or possibly:

Since I was 5.

Of course, sometimes specificity is needed or desired as in your question. If you don't want "since I was 5" type answers, then you need to "lead" the listener, by encouraging them to respond according to the "time" part of the question you use.

How many years? = For x years

How many days? = For x days

Etc.

Consider this last example of a situation where a specific (maybe overly?) response is needed.

A manager has to enter a candidate's information into the following box on their computer during a job interview: Years of higher education studies completed: [ ]

The manager will obviously require a response in years, and so will need to ask his question accordingly:

How many years of higher education studies have you completed?

Note the use of PPS for the "finished action".

Or, if the candidate is still studying:

How many years have you been studying in higher education?

Naturally, my examples work just as well with a more general "time query" (ie "How long?") if the answer doesn't need to be specific.

I hope that answers your question fairly well. Maybe I went into too much detail on PPS/PPC and confused you (I hope not!). As a final observation, I think your first question reads more naturally without "for".

My choice for "most natural-sounding option" is A-6, with the additional modification that "It has" would be contracted to "It's":

It's been a year now since you promised me (something).

This formulation focuses more on the passage of time; we are emphasizing that a long time has come and gone since the promise was issued. (It does not need to be exactly one year, you could reasonably say it any time from 11 1/2 months to 18 months after the date the promise was issued, although some people might nitpick at your accuracy.)

The first 4 options in set A ("it is a/one year now that/since you promised me") all use the present tense, which cannot work when speaking of something that happened in the past; option 5's use of "one" instead of "a" breaks the natural stress that should fall on "year".

Set B's choices emphasize our arrival at the anniversary date of the promise, which to me seems less likely to be the thing that we want to emphasize; within that set, however, option 2 is clearly the best choice, because using "a" instead of "one" lets the stress fall naturally on the word "year", where it belongs; and because options 3 and 4 have no referent for the pronoun "this", making them improper.