When buying books in books-shop, we see sometimes a transparent cover which covers the book hermetically as a sign that it's new and nobody used or opened it. What is the name of this cover in English? (how to name it?) Can I say simply cover and everybody will understand What I'm talking about?
Learn English – the name of the plastic cover of books and magazines
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The precise name of a symbol in mathematics sometimes depends on what you're using it for. For example, × is often referred to simply as the multiplication sign, but if you need to distinguish scalar from vector multiplication, you might refer to it more specifically as the cross multiplication sign, vector multiplication sign, or something similar.
In your second example, the ・ symbol is called dot. The product of two numbers multiplied using the dot operator is the dot product. In some contexts, you might call it the scalar multiplication sign.
Outside of programming, we usually only use * for multiplication when we can't type ×. The * symbol is usually called the asterisk or star, though if you're using it as a multiplication sign, you might call it that, instead.
The last example appears to be using a period. Like *, I assume this is simply because they couldn't type ・. I could call this a period, but more usefully, I could call it whatever it represented: in this case, I might call it dot, since it's standing in for ・.
Generally, working from the bottom layer up:
Ruffle Sheet: Sits between the base and mattress components of an ensemble bed for decorative/ornamental purposes. (Optional.)
Electric blanket: sits on top of the mattress and is connected to an electrical cable which allows the bed to be pre-warmed. In the US, Electric Blankets are known as Electric Mattress Pads. (Non-optional in cold areas, especially if there are no other forms of heating available - eg hot-water bottles.)
Mattress protector: Flat (ie, non-fitted) but usually padded sheet with elastic added to corner edges. Goes over mattress to protect it and elastic slips under corners of mattress to keep it in place. (Optional.)
Bottom sheet: Can be a flat sheet, but is usually a 'fitted sheet'. Fitted sheets are elasticated in the corners to make it easier to a) make the bed and b) keep the sheet positioned correctly overnight.
Top sheet: Flat sheet. (Generally, bodies sleep between bottom and top sheets.)
Electric Overblanket: Largely a US phenomenon, these are similar to Electric Blankets/Mattress Pads except they are placed above the top sheet. In the US, they are called simply 'electric blankets'. This can cause some confusion.
[Blankets | Duvet/Doona/Comforter/Continental Quilt ]
Blankets: Generally thick (often wooly) rectangles that you add more of depending on how cold it is.
Duvets: (doonas in Australian) are bags with an insulating material (usually down/feathers, but also cotton and synthetics) inside. Usually (in contrast to blankets) only one duvet is worn on a bed. A duvet is usually wrapped in a duvet-cover which serves a similar purpose as pillow-cases do for pillows. In the US, the term is comforter, and confusion can arise as 'duvet' is sometimes used to refer to the cover/case specifically, unlike in Europe where it is the bag itself, or the bag+case.
Quilt: Top covering that serves a dual purpose as decoration and an extra blanket (depending on material, thickness etc). Not as commonly used with duvets as with blankets.
Quiltset isn't a single word (except perhaps in a marketing context), but quilt-set usually refers to a quilt / duvet cover that matches with pillowcases and possibly a ruffle sheet to create a coordinated look for the bedroom. The contents of the set (ie, whether you get two or four pillowcases, or whether a ruffle sheet is included) are dependent on the vendor (and price).
As snailplane has commented, for a number of reasons - different regions, different types of beds (eg, mattress protectors make no sense on a waterbed), marketing, etc - there is no hard and fast rule for all these names. However if you take this list while google-shopping, you should know what you want to order when you hit Amazon's checkout.
Best Answer
Don't confuse the clear wrapping with the dust jacket that's on a hardcover book. For most people, "cover" will mean the same thing as dust jacket.
I think what you're describing is clear plastic shrinkwrap.
EDIT The loose plastic covering that a magazine comes in might better be called a sleeve or a mailer, since it's not shrunk tightly onto the magazine inside.