Learn English – We are expecting to or expecting for

You're making me work! :) You could indeed use "of" in some of these examples. Some of them, we simply don't, some of them have a slightly different meaning, and some of them you could use either. Some of them I'm not quite sure of, because I don't have specialized knowledge of financial terms.

The first one probably could substitute "involving" for "for". The second one means that the framework is intended to cause more resilient banks. If you used "of" the banks themselves would be the framework. The third one could use of, but we generally say for in this case. The same for all of the sentences in your fourth paragraph, except the last one; we would never say "the world record of the 100 meters."

"The result for the debate" would be less often seen than "of" as you have it here, but it might be used. "A national shortage for teachers" would mean that there was something unspecified that teachers had a shortage of, for example "A national shortage of pencils for teachers". Future credit losses possess a present value, therefore "of" is correct here. The same for companies' credit spread changes. If you used "for" here, you would be saying that credit spread changes didn't belong to companies, but existed independently on behalf of companies in some way. Scenarios possess examples, so of is correct here.

The use of prepositions in any language is often arbitrary, and when they are they have to be learned by rote.

[Edit] I'll address your last question here. This isn't perfect, but it might help to some degree. "A for B" has a general meaning of A being in the service, under the control, or a part of B in some way. "A to B" has a general meaning of connecting A and B, with A the agent of connection (a "vector" exists from A to B, if you will). "A of B" means that B owns A in some manner. As you can see, these explanations overlap to some extent, which is why some expressions are idiomatic and have to be learned, and some expressions can substitute for, of, and/or to.

"Severity for external fraud" should be "severity of external fraud". The fraud "owns" the severity, and the severity isn't in the service or under the control of the fraud. "A key ingredient for the success" could be right, and you could also use "of". "An important decision for operational risk managers" seems best to me, since the decision is under the control of the managers.

Here is a list of ways in which for is used which may also help.

Strictly speaking, the sentence is incorrect because listening of playlists is ungrammatical (unless the playlists are doing the listening). Since categorization takes of and editing takes of but listening takes to, you have to write this:

Some websites allow categorization of, editing of, and listening to playlists online.

This is grammatically correct but it sounds very clumsy. If each noun took the same preposition, you could use the same preposition for all three:

Some websites allow categorization, editing, and playing of playlists online.

This is grammatically correct but it sounds even clumsier because of the repetition of play. People would rather make a subtle grammatical error than write a sentence that sounds this clumsy.

The fact that the first two of the nouns take of probably led people to ignore the incorrect listen of for almost ten years now.

Another “fudge” solution is to choose the preposition to agree with only the nearest noun even if it disagrees with all the others, known as “proximate agreement”:

Some websites allow categorization, editing, and listening to playlists online.

There is, however, a better way:

Some websites allow users to categorize, edit, and listen to playlists online.

This is clearer because the users are mentioned explicitly, and the nominalized verbs are replaced with plain old infinitive verbs. The preposition to only agrees with listen, but that's OK: categorize and edit are transitive verbs, which take an object without any preposition at all. So, to connects only with listen and there is no disagreement with categorize and edit. So, this version has perfect grammar as well as greater clarity.

By the way, many gerunds do take of. For example: editing of playlists, feeding of animals, planting of gardens, singing of songs, etc. Also, gerunds normally function as nouns. In the original sentence, editing and listening are objects of allow, just like categorization.