Learn English – what does” furnace room” mean

This is an allusion to a classic catchphrase from 1950s:

Throw it up against the wall and see if it sticks, or sometimes
Throw 'em up against the wall and see which ones stick.

It means "Try it (or them) out and see if it is (or which ones are) effective".

It's one of a series of metaphors popularly supposed to be the natural idiom of the 'Mad men' the bright and irreverent young advertising men of Madison Avenue in New York. Their brainstorming sessions would come up with with ideas so unconventional that senior account men worried about whether they would even be acceptable to clients and to the public, to which the answer was "there's no way of knowing without trying - throw it up against the wall and see if it sticks".

Wikipedia has a brief article on an even more famous phrase of the same tenor:

Run it up the flagpole and see who salutes.

And there were many more; comedians and satirists competed to come up with new and ever more far-fetched variations. The website TV Tropes cites this as the first example of Cyclic National Fascination.

Enough of X to last a lifetime is an idiomatic expression, indicating that one is thoroughly tired of something and never want to see it again. As I recall, earlier in the book Ron had been set the punishment of cleaning every trophy in the trophy room by hand; he had therefore spent a LOT of time in the trophy room recently, and did not want to return there.

The literal meaning is that one has done/seen so much of X, one does not need to do/see X ever again in their life. It's generally not considered literally, though, and just means "I've had enough for now".

A second example, from the first episode of Sherlock:

Sherlock: Seen a lot of [...] trouble, too, I bet.

Watson: Of course. Yes. Enough for a lifetime. Far too much.

Sherlock: Want to see some more?

Watson: Oh, God, yes!

In this example, Watson is trying to claim that he's tired of seeing war and violence. It's deliberately contrasted with his next line, where he shows that despite his protests, he does still want the excitement that comes from 'trouble'.

The phrase can be structured in a number of ways, too - Enough X to last a lifetime, Enough for a lifetime, Enough to last ME a lifetime, or, if one is being hyperbolic, Enough for several lifetimes. All indicate the same thing.