Learn English – what does “that did it” mean here

phrase-meaning

He put a fat white hand on Drioli's arm and began to push him firmly to the door.

That did it.

"Take your goddam hands off me!"

It's the past tense of

That does it!

Which Kreiri in a comment supplied a link to Cambridge Dictionary:

said when someone or something goes further than the limit of what is acceptable

This is what it means in your context.

However, in other contexts, it can have quite a different meaning namely, that action accomplished (did) it.

Try fishing over there. You might have better luck!
Yup, that did it!

That refers to whatever action (fishing over there) led to the accomplishment or doing of the goal (having better luck catching fish).

One can also say:

That did the trick!

and it means the same.