Learn English – Where is the apartment located vs Where is located the apartment

This can be tricky, because of all the variations one can use for a short statement like the ones you are asking about.

For example, if the question is asked as a standalone 3-word question, always use:

Where are we?

However, if the phrase is used as a clause at the end of a question, one would say:

Does anybody know where we are?

As for your two statements, either wording can be correct, depending on how you use punctuation:

I want to know, "Where in the hell are we?"
I want to know where in the hell we are!

Do from is an ‘Indianism’, so use of this phrase must be referred to speakers of that dialect.

In Standard English^† we use at with the verb do; the preposition phrase names the place where the work was performed:

I did my doctorate at the University of Wisconsin.
He did an internship at Microsoft.

We use from in this context with receive; the preposition phrase names the entity which conferred the gift:

I received my doctorate from the University of Wisconsin.

In ordinary speech, however, we use the verb get, which may take either preposition phrase (though at is probably more common)

I got my bachelors at Vanderbilt.
I got my bachelors from Vanderbilt.

With do we use at;

In a question, no preposition at all is needed, whichever verb you use:

Where did you do your bachelors?
Where did you get your bachelors?
Where did you receive your bachelors?

^†By “Standard English” I mean English usage which will pass unnoticed with any educated native speaker—appropriate to its register and not dialectal, foreign, antiquated, or precious.