Pronunciation – Why is ‘Iron’ Pronounced ‘EYE-URN’ and Not ‘EYE-RUN’?

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I just noticed that the word iron is pronounced EYE-URN in standard Englishes instead of what the spelling suggests. I have always been pronouncing it "EYE-RUN" but I just checked its pronunciation and it shocked me a bit.

So in UK English, it is /aɪən/ and in US English, it is /aɪrn/ according to the Cambridge Dictionary.

I know English spelling is not regular and as Ronald Sole said in a comment to my previous question, "Do not expect consistency in the pronunciation of any words in English. You can only look up words to find their provenance as a clue to pronunciation", but I just want to know the reason and cause for this.

Why is it pronounced as EYE-URN (IPA: /aɪən/ and /aɪrn/) but not EYE-RUN (/aɪrən/)?

Best Answer

TLDR

The pronunciation of 'iron' in standard varieties of English is EYE-URN (BrE: /'aɪən/, AmE: /'aɪrn/) and not EYE-RUN (which is also a common pronunciation of 'iron' in some varieties of English) because of a very common process called Metathesis. It's defined as the transposition/rearrangement of letters, syllables or phonemes (sounds) in a word.

Explanation

There are some other words that show the same change; 'wasp' used to be waps, 'bird' used to be brid and 'horse' used to be hros, but they've changed over time. Why is that?

It's because of a very common process called Metathesis. /'aɪən/ is the metathesised version of (/'aɪrən/). 'Iron' commonly used to be pronounced the way it's spelt (/'aɪrən/), but due to metathesis, its pronunciation became EYE-URN (/'aɪən/). Other words such as horse, bird, third etc., reflect the change in spelling; however, 'iron' doesn't reflect that change probably because metathesis applied to it after the spelling was standardised.

Metathesis:

Metathesis is defined as ’the transposition/rearrangement of letters, syllables or phonemes (sounds) in a word’.

Examples:

  • 'wasp' used to be waps (wæps) [transposition of p and s]
  • 'bird' used to be brid [transposition of i and r]

{Historical Metathesis}


  • 'mix' being pronounced /mɪsk/ rather than /mɪks/ [transposition of k and s]

  • 'desk' being pronounced /dɛks/ rather than /dɛsk/ [transposition of k and s]

  • 'modern' being pronounced /'mɒdɹən/ instead of /ˈmɒd(ə)n/ (US: /ˈmɑː.dɚn/)

  • 'pattern' being pronounced /pætɹən/ instead of /ˈpæt.ən/ (US: /ˈpæɾ.ɚn/)

  • Another famous example from Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' is the figure of Caliban whose name originates from a phonological metathesis of /n/ and /l/ in 'cannibal'. [ThoughtCo]

/r/-metathesis

Words having /r/ + vowel sequences are more susceptible to metathesis than others. According to A grammar of Old English Phonology by Richard Hogg, ‘R-metathesis normally occurs when /r/ is followed by a short vowel and a dental or alveolar consonant, usually /n/ or /s/’.

'Iron' is an example of /r/-metathesis. It was probably pronounced /'aɪrən/ (EYE-RUN) at one point, but it got metathesised to /'aɪərn/ (EYE-URN). However, the spelling remained unaffected.

Other examples of metathesis of /r/ include:

  • bird from brid (bridde)
  • third from thridde (ðridde)
  • horse from hros

The silent R in 'iron' in BrE

The reason why the r in 'iron' is absent in British English is because the r is followed by a consonant now (followed by /n/ in /'aɪərn/) and British English is non-rhotic, meaning the r is only pronounced when followed by a vowel. The same thing happened to 'bird', 'horse' and 'third' too (i.e. the r is followed by a consonant, so it's silent).

There are different types of metathesis, 'colonel' (pronounced KE(R)-NUHL /'kɜː(r)nl̩/) can also be said to be a product of metathesis. (See this answer on ELU for the spelling and pronunciation of 'colonel')

According to Wikipedia, the reason for ‘common speech errors’ is also metathesis.
Examples include:

  • perscription for prescription
  • interduce for introduce
  • revelant for relevant
  • foilage and foliage

References:

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