- I will arrive there at about 8 o'clock or a little later (i.e. at 8:05 or 8:15...)
- I have read about 10 books on Chinese history or a few more (i.e. maybe 11 or 12, I'm not sure).
- She looks 40 years old or a little older (i.e. maybe 42-43).
Both 'or so' and '-odd' can mean either a little more or a little less. If you want the number X to be understood to be the smallest approximate number, you might use "at least X" or "X or more" or "more than X".
- I won't make it there before 8 o'clock. I will probably be 10 or so minutes late.
If you are certain you won't arrive before 8 o'clock, you should say so directly. Otherwise, we would just say "around 8 o'clock, but I might be a little late." with the understanding that if we are lucky and don't have to stop at too many traffic lights, we might show up at 7:55.
- I have read more than 10 books on Chinese history.
If the number were much higher than 10, we would expect you to say "I have read more than 40 books." or "I have read about 100 books on Chinese history."
- She looks at least 40 years old.
Similar to the second example, if you thought she could be a lot older than 40, you might say "She looks around 50 years old." meaning maybe 48 or maybe 52.
I personally find the -odd suffix difficult to use. It always seems better to me to say "about 5 things" instead of "5-odd things". Usually I don't use it with a specific number. I might say for example,
"That sandwich has been in the fridge for a week and some-odd days - throw it away!"
That would mean it has been at least a week and a few days more. If I hear other folks use it in conversation, it doesn't strange to me at all, so don't think I'm telling you not to use the -odd suffix. I would just take someone else's advice on how to use it naturally in your examples.
When you talk about something hypothetical, you replace is/are by the subjunctive were, and for all other verbs you backshift the tense of the verb in the same way that you do for reported speech.
When you want to ask for something, you can make it more polite by talking about it as a hypothetical suggestion, rather than a simple question.
Will you mind if I say something? - simple question
Would you mind if I said something? - hypothetical suggestion
We can use the present tense say because the context makes it clear that we are talking about something that will happen in the future. See more about using present tense for future actions here.
People rarely use present tense will, but you will often hear people using present tense for the second verb- say rather than said.
In a classroom situation, you are asking the teacher for permission to speak- you can do this using
may or
can. To make a formal request, you use
may - the second meaning in the
Cambridge Dictionary:
May I say something? - simple question
Might I say something? - backshifted- hypothetical suggestion
To make an informal request, you use can - the second meaning in the Cambridge Dictionary
Can I say something? - simple question
Could I say something? - backshifted- hypothetical suggestion
You can add please to any of these options- either before or after the sentence, or before the verb.
Best Answer
It would depend on what you are trying to say.
If you wanted to explain that you can't afford it, you might say "Sorry, I'm short by $3", although it would be simpler to just say "Sorry, I only have $7".
If you were a child asking a parent for more money then you might say "I need $3 more", or "I need another $3". Saying "I need..." generally implies that you are trying to get it, so you wouldn't say that unless it was part of a request or some other plan to get it.