How is a value that’s not a percentage referred to [using an adjective]

7 out of 10 is an example of a numerical or numeric rating. The adjective refers to the fact that the value is a simple numeral, rather than relying on words (e.g. verbal scale), symbols (star rating), percentages, or other forms.

Here are some examples of the adjective in use:

Numerical rating scales are based on the assumption that there is a true zero-point and may be presented graphically as lines [...] or boxes [...] with their boundaries clearly defined as the extremes of the feeling from "none" to "worst possible" (Pruritus [dermatology book describing a numerical scale for pain after having described a verbal scale, 2010)

Categorical variables may be inherently categorical (such as political party affiliation), with no numeric scale underlying their measurement, or they may be created by categorizing a continuous or discrete variable (Statistics in a Nutshell [statistics book defining some categorical variables as non-numeric], 2012)

And this is a snapshot from Textbook of Nursing Education giving examples of three kinds of rating scales. The "Numerical Rating Scale" uses numbers tied to a value: