The famous proverb, one swallow does not make a summer means:
- A single fortunate event doesn’t mean that what follows will also be good.
(ODO)
the origin, according to the Phrase Finder:
This old proverb is listed in several early glossaries, notably Richard Taverner's transcription of the [Latin] proverbs of Erasmus – Prouerbes or adagies with newe addicions, gathered out of the Chiliades of Erasmus, 1539:
- It is not one swalowe that bryngeth in somer. It is not one good qualitie that maketh a man good.
The same proverb is very popular also in France and Italy where the version is "a swallow does not make a spring" and its origin is said to be from Aristotle “Etica Nicomachea” where the philosopher says:
- "One swallow does not a summer make, nor one fine day; similarly one day or brief time of happiness does not make a person entirely happy"
According to NGRAM also the "spring" version appears to be used, but most references cite only the "summer" one.
Questions:
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Which is the more common version in AmE and BrE.
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Why did the "summer" version become common usage despite the common notion that swallows make their appearence during spring, not during summer.
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Was the Middle English term "somer" a broader concept in terms of seasons compared to the modern one? If so, is this the origin of the "misunderstanding" of the proverb" ?
Best Answer
It's a Greek Saying
It appears several sources support the claim that the proverb, one swallow does not a summer make, has its origin in Ancient Greece.
From Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE) uses the term ἕαρ which is Greek for ‘springtide’ and ‘spring’: "One swallow does not make a spring, nor does one sunny day; similarly, one day or a short time does not make a man blessed and happy"
An alternative version: “Moreover, to be happy takes a complete lifetime; for one swallow does not make spring, nor does one fine day; and similarly one day or a brief period of happiness does not make a man supremely blessed and happy.”
In opposition, the website BookBrowse argues that the poetic proverb probably pre-dates Aristotle:
In its article The Young Man and the Swallow, Wikipedia tells us that the proverb was already well-known in England before Aesop's fable, translated in English, appeared in 1600.
1539 R. TAVERNER tr. Erasmus' Adages 25 “It is not one swalowe that bryngeth in somer. It is not one good qualitie that maketh a man good”
1546 The Proverbs of John Heywood. The following snippet on p.121 is from an 1874 edition.
Why do British (and Spanish) swallows migrate later?
If the French and Italian proverbs une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps and una rondine non fa primavera correctly identify spring as being the migratory period, since when do swallows migrate to the British Isles in June and July?
Well, it could be that the term spring, the season following winter, was still in its infancy when the proverb came into vogue. In Old English, the season was known as lencten "springtime, spring," while summer is a much older word. Etymonline, the online etymology dictionary par excellence, confirms:
Whereas summer is derived from Old English sumor and from Proto-Germanic *sumur- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old High German sumar, Old Frisian sumur, Middle Dutch somer, Dutch zomer, German Sommer)
I'm no poetess, but both swallow and summer begin with the letter S, and both words have two syllables, and both contain double consonants, so perhaps the two scan better in unison; especially in its 16th century variant. The “original” phrase looks more symmetrical,
compared to
P.S. Spanish swallows also appear to travel later compared to their French and Italian cousins:
- una golondrina no hace verano (wiktionary)
P.P.S And a special thanks to @Peter Shor who pointed out that Aristotle's original citation had the term spring.