Learn English – Better term for “intellectual jokes”

Mostly when we "outgrow" jokes we call them "childish". But in the more general case it's called an in-joke - a joke that is appreciated only by members of some particular group of people.

An in-joke (also known as an in joke or inside joke) is a joke whose humour is clear only to those people who are "inside" a social group, occupation or other community of common understanding; an esoteric joke. It is humorous only to those who know the situation behind it.

I think what you are looking for is anti-joke, from Wikipedia:

Anti-humor is a type of indirect humor that involves the joke-teller delivering something which is deliberately not funny, or lacking in intrinsic meaning. The practice relies on the expectation on the part of the audience of something humorous, and when this does not happen, the irony itself is of comedic value. Anti-humor is also the basis of various types of pranks and hoaxes