I don't know if it is flat out "incorrect", but I do know many style manuals recommend against it.
When I was young, the rule used to be that you are supposed to use a comma between phrases (before the conjunction, not after) if there are more than two things so conjoined. If it is only two, the comma is optional. I'd usually leave it off. You'd only put a comma after the conjunction if there also happens to be a subjunctive clause inserted there.
I had an occasion to look at a more recent style guide, and I believe it said the comma before the conjunction is always optional. I don't have any guide with me right now, sadly.
There a couple of misconceptions here. The first is about reduced participial phrases. Generally this means transforming a clause, which has a finite verb, into a phrase with a non-finite verb. Thus
I came to work today while I was wearing my new suit
becomes
I came to work today, wearing my new suit
Secondly, I don't know what grammar is telling you that participial phrases have to modify adjectives. Participial phrases may act as modifiers for any construct that can take a modifier.
Next, I'm not sure what you think a "participial prepositional phrase" is. One example you give is
- This is good result(,) given how other teams performed
but there isn't a preposition in sight.
Participles by themselves don't really carry tense. You seem to think there's a difference in punctuation based on whether there's a present participle (one that ends in -ing, e.g., "coming home") or a present perfect participle (one that combines having with the plain form of the verb, e.g, "having come home"). There isn't.
Most of your examples may be parsed as nominative absolutes. For example,
I came to work today, wearing my new suit.
These aren't really restrictive or non-restrictive because they are independent of the grammar of the main clause (thus the name absolute). The wearing of the new suit applies not just to the subject, verb, or prepositional complement individually. The style manual I use, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends setting off introductory elements like this with a comma. CMOS also recommends setting off following non-restrictive elements with a comma, so I infer the same for following absolutes.
Punctuation is a matter of style, not grammar. So follow the rules in the manual of style that you've chosen or that has been thrust upon you.
Best Answer
The source would seem to suggest that the non-train-wreck version of that sentence would be:
Mark Twain's book Tom Sawyer is a delight.
I.e., simply remove the commas, since the sentence is specifically talking about the delightful nature of Tom Sawyer, among Mark Twain's many books, rather than Mark Twain's one-and-only book, as is implied when commas are used.