Note that large does not mean large, positive. If a number X is large, then -X is also large. Furthermore -0.00...1 is also infinitesimal.
So, no only isn't there a single word that means large, negative, but, to begin with, there also isn't one which means large, positive!
In computing, the widely used term bignum refers to any one of various data representations for arbitrary precision integers, which are not confined to machine-imposed sizes like 32 or 64 bits. Of course, bignums can be positive or negative. That is another example which shows that big is understood to refer to magnitude, not to positive displacement from zero.
Maybe you can coin some new ones to fill the void, perhaps by portmanteau: posinormous, plusantic, negormous, negantic. These may not be in the English language now, but if you succeed in popularizing them, they will be. They do exhibit English phonology and morphology.
A less radical approach would be to use some standard prefix or suffix: supernegative and superpositive. Even if nobody uses these words, the meaning is clear. In English, we can improvise new words that are not listed in dictionaries, yet which have a more or less self-evident meaning, by combining existing words with standard prefixes and suffixes. For instance, dictionaries do not have to list every single possible word that is formed by [adjective] + ness.
First of all, frugal is not "mostly about food."
Second, the differences between the words should be apparent from dictionary definitions, but in case they're not:
Stingy and miserly are both pejorative. Frugal is usually used in a complimentary sense when applied to a person, and is neutral when describing an object (such as a "frugal meal").
Stingy is less severe than miserly. To call someone miserly is to make an extreme judgement about that person.
Best Answer
A better sentence would be:
rather than
We usually measure time in lengths, so long and short are normal for this kind of sentence.
OTOH, native speakers will say things like: