These two boil down to nearly the same thing and are often interchangeable.
However if you really examine them closely you will find that
If you studied, you would pass the exam
is speaking of studying in the broad scope. Meaning:
If you were in the habit of studying you would pass the exam.
While
If you were to study, you would pass the exam
is speaking about this specific instance: If you were to study [for your upcoming exam] you would pass [it].
Having said that, in informal speech, people often say, "If you X'd, you would Y" when they actually mean "If you were to X, you would Y"
Bottom line, the meaning are so similar that it really doesn't much matter.
I think, fundamentally, the underlying meaning is the same. The difference is in the emphasis and softening a rebuke in this example, perhaps.
“You know that we have pizza on Thursdays, right?” - is almost a rebuke (without context it sounds that way at least). It is the fact that is significant here - a point is being addressed.
“You know how we have pizza on Thursdays, right?” sounds more like either an excuse is coming or a change of plan. ‘That’ could also signify the change of plan, but it is then more formal/significant.
Whereas dropping the conjunction, “You know we have pizza on Thursdays, right?” sounds more like a mild rebuke, or perhaps a memory jog.
To me, without context, this is what I hear...
“You know that we have pizza on Thursdays, right? Well, in comes Bob with Chinese takeaway. On a Thursday!”
“You know how we have pizza on Thursdays, right? Well, for a change I thought we’d try that new Italian rather than The Hut”
“Your mum is coming on Thursday? You know we have pizza on Thursdays, right?”
Best Answer
I should start by admitting that although I can describe a usage distinction between Did you [verb] when [context]? and Have you [verbed] when [context]?, I can't explain exactly why it applies.
Consider...
...where #1 probably refers to a single past timeframe (during which you had alcohol abuse issues), but #2 simply restricts the scope of the question to the co-occurrence of two past activities (being at the opera, and being drunk), either or both of which may never have occurred. Since I don't think the word ever makes any real difference, I'll also throw in...
...where the when/as-clauses are similar to #1 above - during a specific period which definitely occurred in the past, and won't occur again now or in the future. And to my ear, whereas the "did" construction also works in context #2 (at the same time as doing something/being in a specific state), the "have" version doesn't. Which is why I've marked #5, #6 as "questionable" forms.
It seems to me Have you [past participle]? is a present perfect form, which means it should imply some relevance to current time (of utterance). So perhaps the reason I can't endorse the last two examples above is simply because the specified past time period can't possibly occur again.