Please explain 'notwithstanding', only in terms of the adverb 'not' and the root verb 'withstand'.
[ Grammarist: ] Notwithstanding is mainly a preposition meaning in spite of. Most dictionaries also list it as an adverb meaning nevertheless, but this sense is rarely used in modern English. Notwithstanding is always one word, and this has been the standard spelling for many centuries.
Although notwithstanding usually means exactly the same as in spite of, it is often positioned differently. In spite of always comes before its object—e.g., “In spite of your feedback, I’m not changing anything.” But notwithstanding is often postpositive, meaning it comes after its object—e.g., “Your feedback notwithstanding, I’m not changing anything.” Of course, it can come before its object as well—e.g., “Notwithstanding your feedback, I’m not changing anything.”
This answer substantiates the quote overhead, and explains that:
- Notwithstanding X, Y (happens).
- = X notwithstanding, Y.
- = X canNOT withstand Y.
But why don't 1 and 2 differ in signification? Why doesn't the position of 'notwithstanding' affect its signification?
Best Answer
The appearance and behavior of notwithstanding are pretty odd—and they seem odder the more you look at the word. In the first place, withstand doesn't mean, as you might suppose from adding with to stand, "stand with," but rather "stand against." In this respect, the with- component functions like the with- in withdraw ("draw against") or in withhold ("hold against"), and not like the with- in withal ("together with").
The not- component makes sense in constructions of the type "Y is true, X notwithstanding," where we can infer that the sense is "Y is true, and under scrutiny X does not stand against it." But when we flip the construction around to say "Y is true, notwithstanding X," it is easy (albeit erroneous) to imagine that the statement logically means "Y is true, and under scrutiny it does not stand against X"—which doesn't make sense if X and Y tend in opposite directions.
What's going on here? Let's pick up the thread from Bryan Garner, Garner's Modern American Usage, third edition (2009):
p 993 of the book itself (but p 497 of the online viewer with the scroller at the bottom),
Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, volume 2 (1921), offers this brief account:
And finally, Wilfred Funk, Word Origins (1950) has this:
So both "notwithstanding X" and "X notwithstanding" mean "in spite of X"; within that clause, notwithstanding is position-independent and aligns against X regardless of which element comes first in the clause. If that seems confusing, imagine how a person in medieval England would have felt if told by a dangerous-looking armed man, "You're either with us or against us!"