Most everyone knows what the common turn of phrase all bets are off means: "anything can happen." But all idioms have to start from somewhere, and the question I'm wondering is how did this one start. Google informs me it comes from a gambling context, and I'm inclined to believe that, having seen the movie Snatch, but what I'm not understanding is how the literal meaning of "all bets are off" — that is, the house will not be taking any bets today — would have evolved into "anything can happen." Can someone enlighten me to a plausible pathway?
Learn English – How to get from the literal meaning of “all bets are off” to the idiom
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Best Answer
You asked for a plausible development, so here goes... note that I can't prove that this is how it developed, but I've at least tried to give a genuine usage example of each of the senses in the sequence, with dates where possible.
(i) This phrase was originally used in betting on sports, and in particular horseracing. The meaning is that not only is the bookmaker not taking any more bets, but that existing bets placed on the competition are null and void. This is usually because the race has been cancelled, but can also be due to other factors - for instance, the starting lineup changing so substantially that forcing people to honour their bets would be unfair, or in the event of an irregularity in the conduct of the race. (It can also be because the event was drawn.)
Here is a modern example in horseracing rules:
Or it can refer to a draw (1897):
Or an irregularity (1901):
Or a change in the starting lineup (1839):
Or because of misinformation about the race (1881):
I believe that the phrase became embedded in people's consciousness, since at racecourses (and other sporting events) it would commonly be announced "The 14.35 has been cancelled; all bets are off." However, given the oral nature of such announcements, it is hard to track down any evidence, so this is largely speculation, but it is still occasionally used in a manner consistent with this, for example (2009):
(i)(a) By direct association, the phrase is often used by the media with the implication that the event in question has been cancelled (2008):
(ii) From the first meaning ("bets are null and void") is derived a sense of all existing agreements are cancelled: that there is a return to the status quo ante, because even existing bets are not honoured (although the stake is returned). Examples of this usage are hard to tell apart from the meaning in the next paragraph, so I have put them all together there.
(iii) Following on from that (and no doubt assisted by the similarity of the phrase the gloves are off), the phrase is applied to situations where the circumstances have changed substantially, to the extent that former truces, alliances and restraint no longer apply.
This can mean that former commitments of non-aggression are discarded (2010):
Or an amnesty is cancelled (2009):
Or former leniency will be reversed (2011):
Or indeed that rules no longer apply (2011):
(iv) Of course, a consequence of this is that, since the rules of the game have changed, there is a sense that "anything can happen" in that what was previously unthinkable is now entirely possible. This sense, probably combined with one aspect of the original meaning (i.e. the circumstances have changed such that former bets/predictions are void), then leads, finally, to the definition quoted in the question - basically the situation is unpredictable and anything could happen.
For our last example, where better to find unpredictability than in the economy (2010):