In English, we have the infamous know-it-all: one who knows everything; hence, a person who makes pretension to great knowledge, especially one whose didactic conversational habit conspicuously reveals his belief that he has superior knowledge on many subjects; a wiseacre; a know-all; -- usually ironical. [Colloq. & pejorative] Note: the use of this term implies that the speaker disapproves of this behavior, and may think that it is unjustified.
**know all: someone who seems to know everything and annoys other people by showing how clever they are.
No one likes him because he's such a know-all.
smarty-pants is an older idiom, for one who is obnoxiously self-assertive and arrogant, as is weisenheimer.
There is the Jerkass, who might say something like, "Sometimes I park in handicapped spaces while handicapped people make handicapped faces. I'm an asshole!"
(— Denis Leary, Asshole) but this is more trope or jargon.
And, as StoneyB has kindly reminded me, there is the loudmouth:
Be loquacious, often noisily or boastfully; someone who talks too much or too loudly, esp. in an offensive or stupid way
*Harvard Square: Know-it-all capital of the universe. * - Universal Hub.
I would probably use the word diffident when someone is acquiescing to another's authority. The word connotes not just "simple" shyness, but also a lack of self-confidence and assertiveness.
Definition: (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/diffident)
diffident
adjective
1. lacking confidence in one's own ability, worth, or fitness; timid; shy.
Another option would be timid. It's a fairly common word and I don't think I need to define it here.
To more directly put across the point of submission to authority, you can consider submissive.
Definition: (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/submissive)
submissive
adjective
1. inclined or ready to submit or yield to the authority of another; unresistingly or humbly obedient:
submissive servants.
2. marked by or indicating submission or an instance of yielding to the authority of another: a submissive reply.
Obedient is another (more positive) option. Again, a word in common usage, and I won't be defining it here (it's easy to look up).
The most negative options, generally used critically, are pushover and doormat. They are idiomatic nouns that describe a person who seriously lacks self-assertiveness and may be defined as follows:
Doormat (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/doormat):
doormat
- Slang One who submits meekly to domination or mistreatment by others.
Pushover (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pushover)
push·o·ver
- One that is easily defeated or taken advantage of.
In the same vein as the above two, there is another idiom, which I believe is peculiar to the US: milquetoast.
Milquetoast (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/milquetoast)
milquetoast
noun, (sometimes initial capital letter)
- a very timid, unassertive, spineless person, especially one who is easily dominated or intimidated:
a milquetoast who's afraid to ask for a raise.
And, as included in the definition of that word spineless is another negative adjective for someone lacking self-assertiveness. Again, it's a highly critical word. Given that the spine supports your body in an upright posture, I believe you should be able to see how the metaphorical meaning comes about.
Best Answer
I think such a world can be described as a dog-eat-dog world. — TFD
This might also be considered as a world where anything goes. — TFD