Learn English – Is “the bad” a correct English phrase

The other two answers are correct, but they miss a crucial detail which is key to why the phrase has entered popular idiom. The message on the Chance card is worded the way it is to be unambiguous, but the intent is that it is to happen straightaway and no detours are allowed. Because of this, using the phrase outside of the board game means not only "you've failed" but "you've failed right now and you are not allowed any benefits that might ordinarily happen on the way to account or atone for it."

Like many prescriptive rules of its type, this dichotomy was never actually the tradition.

In reality, bad has always been used as a synonym for this sense of poor. (In fact, bad began to be used this way slightly before it was ever used in the moral sense!)

• According to the OED, the first citation of bad in the moral/value sense dates back to only 1325.
• Bad in the sense of "not of the expected or requisite quality; poor, worthless; deficient, inferior; of a low standard, below par" dates back to 1276. This is cited throughout the centuries and into the present day. It has had a healthy existence throughout Modern English.

As you can see, bad has always been a synonym of this sense of poor. At a certain point in time, some prescriptivists began to advocate for the dichotomy that you describe, but this was never actually reflected in usage.

See also: less vs. fewer.

So, there is nothing wrong with using bad in any of the cases that you have listed here with poor, though one might aesthetically sound better than another for a given sentence.