Learn English – it called when you use many words to describe the word you want to use

Linguists use the term reduplication for repetitions of words or parts of words.

First, however, it's much more important in other languages than it is English, in which it's generally thought of as unremarkable or at best, a peripheral phenomenon. In Chinese, for example, 人 means person and 人人 means everybody.

Second, except under the broadest definition, which is simply the repetition of a word or part of a word, your examples wouldn't qualify because the repetitions are basically a coincidence or a byproduct of normal use of the language. Compare to

Oh! You live in an apartment? I thought your house was a house house.

In this example, the duplication is employed to contrast a prototypical or "real" house with some other kind. This has been called contrastive reduplication. Since it is a morphological device that is employed with a wide range of words, some linguists have given it at least some attention. Another example: A: I want to eat. B: Here's a cracker. B: No. I mean I want to eat eat. (That is, "Really eat; eat something substantial; eat a meal.)

See https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplication

These words (Look, Listen) are imperatives used as interjections. You can replace them with Hey! or Gosh! or Cowabunga, Buffalo Bob!, or other exclamations, and the effect is essentially the same: Pay attention to what I'm saying!

[EDITED]: Using the term discourse marker is probably pointless because it's quite technical and doesn't help people understand why Look and Listen are used or how they function in those sentences. It also doesn't help EFL students speak better English. Terms like imperative, interjection, and exclamation are standard fare in their secondary school and university English classes and textbooks. I think that they don't need more than those to talk about these words and their function. The point, IMHO, is to teach them how to use the language, not to teach them how to talk about it, unless, of course, you're teaching a linguistics course. But in that case, I think you'd be a professional linguist yourself and wouldn't need to ask this question.

My experience in EFL classes in Japan (10 years) and Taiwan (17 years) has been that students want to learn "useful" English (whatever they think that means) and because they're taught English grammar rules from primary school on, they ask for technical grammatical information: they seem to believe that knowing the terms and the rules will help them, but this is patently false, as anyone who's lived and worked in both those countries knows.