Learn English – Technique relating environment and emotions/personality

I'm going to have to disagree with @Barrie (a first for me on this board) and say this is an example of antithesis. The requirements for the device are somewhat looser than he would have you believe.

Let's look at a basic definition of the term from NOAD:

antithesis |anˈtiTHəsis|
noun ( pl. antitheses |-ˌsēz| )
a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else: love is the antithesis of selfishness.
• a contrast or opposition between two things: the antithesis between occult and rational mentalities.
• a figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other, such as “hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins”: his sermons were full of startling antitheses.

Note the example "hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins": love and hatred are directly antithetical, true, but the actions described in each clause are certainly not diametric opposites, and it is the clauses, not their subjects, that form the elements of the antithesis.

Now, turning back to the Shelley quote:

How much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to be greater than his nature will allow

This is a somewhat veiled antithesis, to be sure: there are no obvious contrast pairs like love and hate that distinguish the clauses. Nevertheless, it is the meaning of each clause — what it points to — that furnishes the material for contrast. In the first case we have a man who "believes his native town to be the world" — in other words, who is content with what he has at hand, and does not therefore overreach; in the second we have a man who does overreach by aspiring to be "greater than his nature will allow." The antithesis here arrives in the contrast between wise contentment and rash ambition: not overreaching vs. overreaching.

If we put this fragment into the context of Frankenstein, it informs the entire import of the novel. Dr. Frankenstein was the exemplar of overreaching, as he sought (in Shelley's view) to become as God and create life. It was the kind of prideful act that is regularly cast down in Greek tragedy, and the resultss of Frankenstein's act, you will recall, were disastrous.

Yes; this technique is known as a title drop¹.

From TVTropes, for example:

Title Drop

If a line of dialogue is the title of the episode, movie, or book, it obviously must have some great significance.

Michael: Your average American male is stuck in a perpetual state of adolescence, you know, arrested development.

Narrator: Hey! That's the name of the show!

— Arrested Development

That article also explicitly lists your quote as an example of a title drop under the heading of "live action TV":

In Game of Thrones, every episode is Title Dropped since the episodes are typically named after a significant line from them, and the titles aren't displayed.

However, the one that tops them all is a series title drop and episode title drop in one line:

Cersei Lannister: When you play the game of thrones, you win... or you die. There is no middle ground.

TVTropes also offers name drop as an alternative title, but because that is a well-established term outside of film and theater circles, with a different meaning, it's probably best to stick with the descriptive, direct, title drop.

¹ _{Which is either straightforward or unimaginative, depending on your perspective. But in either case it gets the idea across.}